Fumarate ester dosage forms

ABSTRACT

Described herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising fumarate esters, methods for making the same, and methods for treating subjects in need thereof. In particular, oral controlled release pharmaceutical compositions comprising fumarate esters suspended in liquid matrices are described. One embodiment described herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising fumarate esters suspended in a lipid or lipophilic liquid with enhanced bioavailability.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/386,175, filed Dec. 21, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/248,506, filed Aug. 26, 2016, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/300,941, filed on Feb. 29, 2016, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/356,872, filed on Jun. 30, 2016; and is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/840,072, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,326,947, and claims priority to International Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/47636, both filed on Aug. 31, 2015; each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by express reference thereto.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Described herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising fumarate esters, methods for making the same, and methods for treating subjects in need thereof. In particular, oral controlled release pharmaceutical compositions comprising fumarate esters suspended in liquid matrices are described. One embodiment described herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising fumarate esters suspended in a lipid or lipophilic liquid with enhanced bioavailability.

BACKGROUND

Fumaric acid esters (FAE; fumarate esters, e.g., alkyl or dialkyl fumarate esters such as dimethyl fumarate or monomethyl fumarate) are pharmacologically active substances used for treating hyperproliferative, inflammatory, or autoimmune disorders. They were first used to treat psoriasis and were licensed for this indication in Germany in 1995 as Fumaderm® (Biogen Idec, Inc., Cambridge, Mass., USA). Fumaderm® produces various undesirable side effects, including flushing, headaches, dizziness, eructation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal and intestinal cramps, and diarrhea. High concentrations of the drug released in the stomach are believed to be responsible for such side effects.

After oral intake, the main component of Fumaderm®, dimethyl fumarate (DMF), is hydrolysed by esterases to monomethyl fumarate (MMF), the bioactive metabolite. After absorption in the small intestine, MMF is believed to interact with immunocytes in the bloodstream. The primary plasma metabolites of DMF are monomethyl fumarate, fumaric acid, citric acid, and glucose. Monomethyl fumarate is further metabolized in the tricarboxylic acid cycle to carbon dioxide and water.

An oral formulation of DMF was developed and approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. This formulation, TECFIDERA® (Biogen Idec, Inc.), is available as hard gelatin delayed-release capsules containing 120 mg or 240 mg of granulated dimethyl fumarate enterically coated minitablets. See International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2013/119677 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,509,376. TECFIDERA® was intended to reduce the undesirable side effects by preventing release of DMF in the stomach.

The enterically coated DMF granules in TECFIDERA®, however, lack uniformity in shape and size, and the enteric coating may not be evenly distributed over the minitablets. This lack of homogeneity can diminish the enteric properties and affect the acid-resistance, dissolution, and release rates. In addition, the integrity of the acid-resistant coating fails when the coating cracks or flakes off. This leads to DMF release in the stomach and can cause flushing and the negative gastrointestinal side effects.

A subject's stomach content also affects delivery of DMF from TECFIDERA®. A meal was shown to decrease C_(max) by 40% and delay T_(max) from 2.0 hours to 5.5 hours; the AUC was unaffected. See WO 2006/037342. A reduction in the incidence of flushing by approximately 25% in the postprandial state was also observed. See TECFIDERA® Prescribing Information March 2013 (Biogen Idec Inc.).

DMF sublimes at relatively low temperatures. About 15-20% of the DMF active ingredient is lost owing to sublimation during the wet-granulation processing used to manufacture TECFIDERA®. See WO 2013/076216. Sublimation also causes loss of DMF during storage and unused TECFIDERA® capsules must be discarded 90 days after a bottle of the capsules is opened.

Accordingly, it is desirable to develop oral controlled release formulations of fumarate esters that: (1) provide enhanced bioavailability of the fumarate esters as compared to TECFIDERA® or other solid dosage forms comprising granulated forms or minitablets; (2) prevent flushing and the undesirable GI side effects associated with oral administration of fumarate esters; (3) reduce or eliminate fumarate ester sublimation during manufacturing and storage; (4) increase the long-term stability of the pharmaceutical composition; and (5) provide a variety of different release profiles, dose strengths, dosage forms, and dosing regimens.

SUMMARY

One embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceutical composition comprising a liquid suspension of solid particles of one or more fumarate esters comprising dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, a pro-drug of monomethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the oral pharmaceutical compositions have enhanced bioavailability and can be administered at lower doses of fumarate ester with equivalent clinical efficacy.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceutical composition comprising a liquid suspension of one or more fumarate esters comprising dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, a pro-drug thereof, or a combination thereof. In one aspect, the liquid comprises a flowable, single-phase liquid. In another aspect, the liquid comprises a non-aqueous liquid. In another aspect, the liquid comprises a lipid or lipophilic liquid vehicle. In another aspect, the composition comprises about 80 mg to about 230 mg of the fumarate ester. In another aspect, the composition comprises about 90 mg to about 115 mg of the fumarate ester. In another aspect, the composition comprises about 180 mg to about 220 mg of the fumarate ester. In another aspect, the composition comprises about 180 mg to about 200 mg of the fumarate ester. In another aspect, the liquid comprises a lipid vehicle, one or more solubility enhancing agents, and a neutralizing agent. In another aspect, the one or more solubility enhancing agents comprise polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, the liquid comprises mono- and di-glycerides, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and lactic acid. In another aspect, the weight ratio of the fumarate ester to non-aqueous liquid is about 1:1 to about 1:8. In another aspect, the weight ratio of the fumarate ester to non-aqueous liquid is about 1:2. In another aspect, the fumarate ester comprises about 10% to about 50% of the composition by weight. In another aspect, the fumarate ester comprises about 20% to about 40% of the composition by weight. In another aspect, the fumarate ester comprises about 30% to about 40% of the composition by weight. In another aspect, the fumarate ester comprises about 35% of the composition by weight. In another aspect, the liquid comprises about 50% to about 85% of the composition by weight. In another aspect, the liquid comprises about 60% to about 70% of the composition by weight. In another aspect, the liquid comprises about 60% of the composition by weight. In another aspect, lactic acid comprises about 5% of the composition by weight. In another aspect, the composition comprises: about 30% to about 40% by weight of the one or more fumarate esters; about 55% to about 65% by weight of the liquid; and about 5% by weight of lactic acid. In another aspect, the composition comprises about 90 mg to about 220 mg of one or more fumarate esters. In another aspect, the composition comprises about 95 mg of one or more fumarate esters. In another aspect, the composition comprises about 100 mg of one or more fumarate esters. In another aspect, the composition comprises about 200 mg to about 220 mg of one or more fumarate esters. In another aspect, the composition comprises about 200 mg of one or more fumarate esters. In another aspect, the composition is encapsulated in a capsule. In another aspect, the composition is encapsulated in a soft capsule. In another aspect, the composition is encapsulated in an enterically coated soft capsule. In another aspect, the enteric coating comprises an acrylic polymer or copolymer. In another aspect, the composition is encapsulated in an enterically coated soft capsule shell comprising a subcoating. In another aspect, the subcoating comprises hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. In another aspect, the composition is encapsulated in an enterically coated soft capsule shell comprising a topcoating. In another aspect, the topcoating comprises polyvinyl alcohol. In another aspect, the fumarate ester is a prodrug to monomethyl fumarate. In another aspect, the fumarate ester is dimethyl fumarate. In another aspect, the fumarate ester is monomethyl fumarate.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceutical composition comprising: about 12% to about 40% by weight of one or more fumarate esters; about 50% to about 80% by weight of mono- and di-glycerides; about 5% to about 15% by weight of polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil; about 1% to about 5% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone; and about 1% to about 5% by weight lactic acid. In another aspect, the composition comprises: about 34% by weight one or more fumarate esters; about 48% by weight mono- and di-glycerides; about 10% by weight polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil; about 3% by weight polyvinylpyrrolidone; and about 5% by weight lactic acid. In another aspect, the composition comprises about 80 mg to about 110 mg or about 160 mg to about 230 mg of the fumarate ester. In another aspect, the composition comprises about 90 mg to about 100 mg of the fumarate ester. In another aspect, the composition comprises about 180 mg to about 220 mg of the fumarate ester. In another aspect, the composition comprises about 190 mg to about 200 mg of the fumarate ester. In another aspect, the composition is encapsulated in a capsule shell. In another aspect, the composition is encapsulated in a capsule comprising one or more subcoatings, one or more enteric coatings, and one or more top coatings. In another aspect, the fumarate ester is a pro-drug of monomethyl fumarate. In another aspect, the fumarate ester is dimethyl fumarate. In another aspect, the fumarate ester is monomethyl fumarate.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceutical composition comprising a liquid suspension of one or more fumarate esters that is bioequivalent to a 240 mg dose of TECFIDERA® (dimethyl fumarate). In one aspect, the composition comprises about 190 mg to about 220 mg of the fumarate ester. In another aspect, bioequivalence is achieved by simultaneously administering two dosage forms, each comprising about 90 mg to about 100 mg of the fumarate ester. In another aspect, the composition comprises about 190 mg to about 200 mg of dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, a pro-drug thereof, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, the composition comprises about 190 mg to about 200 mg of dimethyl fumarate or monomethyl fumarate.

Another embodiment described herein is a method of treating or reducing the symptoms of multiple sclerosis in a subject, the method comprising contacting peripheral blood mononuclear cells or monocytes of the subject with monomethyl fumarate by administering in an oral pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more fumarate esters in a liquid vehicle. In another aspect, the composition comprises a liquid suspension of solid particles of dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, pro-drugs thereof, or combinations thereof. In another aspect, the liquid comprises a flowable, single-phase liquid. In another aspect, the liquid comprises a non-aqueous liquid. In another aspect, the liquid comprises a lipid or lipophilic liquid vehicle. In another aspect, the composition comprises about 80 mg to about 115 mg or about 160 mg to about 230 mg of the fumarate ester. In another aspect, the composition comprises about 95 mg to about 100 mg of the fumarate ester. In another aspect, the composition comprises about 180 mg to about 220 mg of the fumarate ester. In another aspect, the composition comprises about 190 mg to about 200 mg of the fumarate ester. In another aspect, the liquid comprises a lipid vehicle, one or more solubility enhancing agents, and a neutralizing agent. In another aspect, the one or more solubility enhancing agents comprise polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, the liquid comprises mono- and di-glycerides, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and lactic acid. In another aspect, the weight ratio of the fumarate ester to non-aqueous liquid is about 1:1 to about 1:8. In another aspect, the composition comprises: about 30% to about 40% by weight of the one or more fumarate esters; about 55% to about 65% by weight of the liquid; and about 5% by weight of lactic acid. In another aspect, the composition comprises: about 12% to about 40% by weight of the one or more fumarate esters; about 50% to about 80% by weight of mono- and di-glycerides; about 5% to about 15% by weight of polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil; about 1% to about 5% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone; and about 1% to about 5% by weight lactic acid. In another aspect, the administration comprises: (a) administering two dosage forms simultaneously comprising about 80 mg to about 115 mg of fumarate ester twice per day (BID); (b) administering one dosage from comprising about 80 mg to about 115 mg of fumarate ester four times per day; or (c) administering one dosage from comprising about 160 to about 230 mg of fumarate ester twice per day (BID). In another aspect, the administration comprises a total daily dosage of about 160 mg to about 440 mg of the fumarate ester. In another aspect, the administration comprises a total daily dosage of about 160 mg, about 180 mg, about 190 mg, about 200 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 360 mg, about 380 mg, about 400 mg, or about 440 mg of the fumarate ester. In another aspect, the subject achieves a reduction of annualized relapse rate relative to baseline without substantially experiencing one or more of flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, or nausea. In another aspect, the subject exhibits one or more pharmacokinetic parameters comprising: (a) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 1.87 mg/L to about 2.41 mg/L; (b) mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→∞) ranging from about 1.99 h·mg/L to about 2.43 h·mg/L; or (c) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(overall) ranging from about 3.2 h. mg/L to about 11.2 h·mg/L.

Another embodiment described herein is a method of treating multiple sclerosis or psoriasis comprising administering to a subject one or more dosage forms that cumulatively provide a daily dosage of a fumarate ester from about 360 mg to about 440 mg fumarate ester.

Another embodiment described herein is a method of treating multiple sclerosis or psoriasis comprising administering to a subject one or more dosage forms that cumulatively provide a daily dosage of a fumarate ester from about 160 mg to about 230 mg fumarate ester. In one aspect, the administration is twice per day. In another aspect, two dosage froms comprising between about 80 mg to about 115 mg of fumarate ester are simultaneously administered twice per day.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceutical composition for activating a nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) pathway comprising a liquid suspension of one or more fumarate esters comprising dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, a pro-drug thereof, or a combination thereof.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for activating a nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) pathway comprising administering a liquid suspension of solid particles of one or more fumarate esters comprising dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, a pro-drug thereof, or a combination thereof.

Another embodiment described herein is a method of manufacturing an oral pharmaceutical composition comprising a liquid suspension of solid particles of one or more fumarate esters comprising dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, a pro-drug thereof, or a combination thereof.

Another embodiment described herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a liquid suspension of solid particles of one or more fumarate esters comprising dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, a pro-drug thereof, or a combination thereof, wherein the composition exhibits an in vitro dissolution rate comprising about 50% dissolution after about 30 minutes to about 50 minutes at pH 6.8.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceutical composition providing a consistent fumarate ester release profile that reduces side effects comprising a liquid suspension of solid particles of one or more fumarate esters comprising dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, a pro-drug thereof, or a combination thereof.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for providing a consistent fumarate ester release profile that reduces side effects comprising administering a liquid suspension of solid particles of one or more fumarate esters comprising dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, a pro-drug thereof, or a combination thereof to a subject in need thereof.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for providing multiple sclerosis treatment to a subject in need thereof with increased subject compliance and optimal treatment outcome comprising administering a liquid suspension of solid particles of one or more fumarate esters comprising dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, a pro-drug thereof, or a combination thereof to a subject in need thereof.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for providing multiple sclerosis treatment to a subject in need thereof with improved treatment outcome compared to 240 mg TECFIDERA® (dimethyl fumarate) comprising administering a liquid suspension of solid particles of one or more fumarate esters comprising dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, a pro-drug thereof, or a combination thereof to a subject in need thereof.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for providing long-term multiple sclerosis treatment with optimal treatment outcome to a subject in need thereof comprising administering an oral pharmaceutical composition comprising a liquid suspension of solid particles of one or more fumarate esters comprising dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, a pro-drug thereof, or a combination thereof to a subject in need thereof.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceutical dosage from comprising liquid composition comprising: about 12% to about 40% by weight of one or more fumarate esters; about 50% to about 80% by weight of mono- and di-glycerides; about 5% to about 15% by weight of polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil; about 1% to about 5% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone; and about 1% to about 5% by weight lactic acid; wherein the liquid composition is encapsulated in a capsule comprising one or more subcoatings, one or more enteric coatings, one or more top coatings, or a combination thereof. In one aspect, the fumarate ester comprises from about 80 mg to about 440 mg of dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, a prodrug of monomethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, one or more dosage forms, administered in a regimen, is bioequivalent to 240 mg TECFIDERA® (dimethyl fumarate) and has enhanced bioavailability.

Another embodiment described herein is a controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more fumarate esters suspended in a lipid or lipophilic matrix. The pharmaceutical composition is encapsulated in a soft capsule. The oral soft capsules comprising controlled release matrix compositions prevent release of the fumarate ester active ingredient in the gastric environment, but release the active ingredient in the intestine in a controlled manner. The compositions can be tailored to provide one or more release profiles, including immediate release, controlled release, delayed release, or extended release pharmacokinetics by the composition of the matrix fill. The formulations described herein comprise solid micronized particles of fumarate esters suspended in a matrix. The controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprising a matrix of fumarate esters reduce, ameliorate, or eliminate the undesirable gastrointestinal side effects observed with prior fumarate ester pharmaceuticals. Further, the formulations preclude or reduce sublimation of the fumarate ester during manufacturing and storage.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceutical composition comprising a controlled release composition of one or more fumarate esters, including, but not limited to, dialkyl fumarates, alkyl fumarates, dimethyl fumarate (DMF), monomethyl fumarate (MMF), or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the fumarate ester is DMF. In one embodiment, the fumarate ester is MMF. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a controlled release pharmaceutical composition. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a soft capsule shell encapsulating a matrix comprising one or more fumarate esters. In one aspect, the matrix comprises a lipid or lipophilic vehicle, a neutralizing agent, and solid particles of fumarate esters. In another aspect, the matrix comprises a lipid or lipophilic vehicle, a neutralizing agent, excipients, and solid particles of a fumarate ester. In another aspect, the matrix comprises a lipid or lipophilic vehicle, a neutralizing agent, surfactants, and solid particles of a fumarate ester. In one aspect, the lipid or lipophilic vehicle comprises polyvinylpyrrolidones, mono- and di-glycerides, and oils. In another aspect, the surfactant can comprise polysorbate 80 or polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil. In another aspect, the solid particles of fumarate ester comprise milled or micronized particles. In another aspect, the milled or micronized particles of one or more fumarate esters comprise mean particle distribution sizes of about 20 μm to about 300 μm, including all integers within the specified range. In another aspect, the solid particles of fumarate esters comprise mean particle distribution sizes of about 65 μm to about 260 μm, including all integers within the specified range. In another aspect, the solid microparticles of fumarate esters have mean particle distribution sizes of less than 260 μm. In another aspect, the solid particles of fumarate esters have mean particle distribution sizes of about 100 μm. In another aspect, the neutralizing agent comprises an organic acid, ester, or salt. In another aspect, the neutralizing agent comprises at least one of lactate, fumarate, caprylate, caprate, oleate, maleate, succinate, tartrate, citrate, glutamate, gluconate, or esters or salts thereof, or combinations thereof. In another aspect, the matrix comprises a fumarate ester, a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and lactic acid.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a matrix fill comprising about 10% to about 64% by weight of one or more fumarate esters (PSD: d90≤100 μm); about 18% to about 70% by weight of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; at least about 1% to about 10% by weight polyvinylpyrrolidone; at least about 1% to about 10% by weight polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and at least about 1% to about 5% by weight lactic acid.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a matrix fill comprising about 29% by weight of one or more fumarate esters (PSD: d90≤100 μm); about 54% by weight of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; about 3% by weight polyvinylpyrrolidone; about 10% by weight polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and about 5% by weight lactic acid. In one aspect, the composition has controlled release, delayed release, or extended release properties. In one aspect, the composition comprises one or more FAEs in an amount of about 80 mg to about 460 mg. In one aspect, the one or more FAEs comprise about 90 mg to about 110 mg. In one aspect, the composition comprises one or more FAEs in an amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg. In one aspect, the composition comprises one or more FAEs in an amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg. In one aspect, the composition comprises one or more FAEs in an amount of about 80 mg FAE, about 85 mg FAE, about 90 mg FAE, about 95 mg FAE, about 100 mg FAE, about 105 mg FAE, about 110 mg FAE, about 115 mg FAE, about 120 mg FAE, about 125 mg FAE, about 130 mg FAE, about 135 mg FAE, about 140 mg FAE, about 145 mg FAE, about 150 mg FAE, about 155 mg FAE, about 160 mg FAE, about 165 mg FAE, about 170 mg FAE, about 175 mg FAE, about 180 mg FAE, about 185 mg FAE, about 190 mg FAE, about 195 mg FAE, about 200 mg FAE, about 205 mg FAE, about 210 mg FAE, about 215 mg FAE, about 220 mg FAE, about 225 mg FAE, about 230 mg FAE, about 235 mg FAE, about 240 mg FAE, about 245 mg FAE, about 250 mg FAE, about 255 mg FAE, about 260 mg FAE, about 265 mg FAE, about 270 mg FAE, about 275 mg FAE, about 280 mg FAE, about 285 mg FAE, about 290 mg FAE, about 295 mg FAE, about 300 mg FAE, about 305 mg FAE, about 310 mg FAE, about 315 mg FAE, about 320 mg FAE, about 325 mg FAE, about 330 mg FAE, about 335 mg FAE, about 340 mg FAE, about 345 mg FAE, about 350 mg FAE, about 355 mg FAE, about 360 mg FAE, about 365 mg FAE, about 370 mg FAE, about 375 mg FAE, about 380 mg FAE, about 385 mg FAE, about 390 mg FAE, about 395 mg FAE, about 400 mg FAE, about 405 mg FAE, about 410 mg FAE, about 415 mg FAE, about 420 mg FAE, about 425 mg FAE, about 430 mg FAE, about 435 mg FAE, about 440 mg FAE, about 445 mg FAE, about 450 mg FAE, about 455 mg FAE, about 460 mg FAE, about 465 mg FAE, about 470 mg FAE, about 475 mg FAE, or about 480 mg FAE. In one aspect, the composition comprises one or more FAEs in an amount of about 0.5 mmol to about 4.0 mmol FAE. In one aspect, the composition comprises one or more FAEs in an amount of about 0.7 mmol to about 3.7 mmol FAE. In another aspect, the composition comprises DMF, MMF, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, the matrix comprises DMF. In another aspect, the composition comprises MMF. In another aspect, the composition further comprises one or more non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). In one aspect, the composition prevents sublimation of the fumarate ester during manufacturing. In another aspect, the composition prophylactically reduces the onset or ameliorates the symptoms of any flushing side effects. In another aspect, the composition reduces the onset or ameliorates the severity of any gastrointestinal side effects. In another aspect, the composition is stable for at least 1 year at conditions comprising 25° C. and 60% relative humidity. In another aspect, the composition is stable for at least 2 years at conditions comprising 25° C. and 60% relative humidity.

In one embodiment, the soft capsule comprises and enteric soft capsule. In one embodiment, the soft capsule shell comprises one or more enteric, acid-insoluble polymers, a film-forming polymer, a plasticizer, an alkali-neutralizing agent, a solvent, and optionally, a coloring agent, a flavoring, or a pharmaceutical excipient.

In another embodiment, the enteric soft capsule shell comprises about 20% to about 36% by weight of at least one film-forming polymer; about 8% to about 20% by weight of at least one enteric, acid-insoluble polymer; about 15% to about 20% by weight of at least one plasticizer; about 1% to about 5% by weight of at least one alkali-neutralizing agent; about 20% to about 40% by weight of a solvent; optionally, about 1% to about 5% by weight of an opacifying agent; and optionally, about 0.05% to about 1% by weight of at least one coloring agent.

In another embodiment, the soft capsule shell comprises about 30% of at least one film-forming polymer; about 10% by weight of at least one enteric, acid-insoluble polymer; about 20% by weight of at least one plasticizer; about 1% by weight of at least one alkali-neutralizing agent; about 37% by weight of a solvent; and optionally, about 1.5% by weight of an opacifying agent; and optionally, at least one coloring agent. In one aspect, the soft capsule shell comprises gelatin, acrylic methacrylate copolymers, glycerol, triethyl citrate, ammonia, water, and titanium dioxide.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for manufacturing an oral soft capsule shell encapsulating a matrix comprising a fumarate ester, the method comprising: (i) providing a matrix fill composition comprising any of the composition described herein; (ii) providing a soft capsule shell composition comprising any of the composition described herein; (iii) casting the soft capsule shell into films using heat-controlled drums or surfaces; and (iv) forming a soft capsule shell encapsulating the matrix fill composition using rotary die encapsulation technology. In one aspect, the soft capsule matrix comprises one or more fumarate esters produced by said method.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for manufacturing an oral soft capsule shell encapsulating a matrix comprising a fumarate ester, the method comprising: (i) providing a matrix fill composition comprising: about 10% to about 64% by weight of one or more fumarate esters (PSD: d90≤100 μm); about 18% to about 70% by weight of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; about 1% to about 10% by weight polyvinylpyrrolidone; about 2% to about 12% by weight polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and about 1% to about 5% by weight lactic acid; (ii) providing a soft capsule shell composition comprising: about 20% to about 36% by weight of at least one film-forming polymer; about 8% to about 20% by weight of at least one enteric, acid-insoluble polymer; about 15% to about 20% by weight of at least one plasticizer; about 1% to about 5% by weight of at least one alkali-neutralizing agent; about 20% to about 40% by weight of a solvent; optionally, about 1% to about 5% by weight of an opacifying agent; and optionally, about 0.05% to about 1% by weight of at least one coloring agent; (iii) casting the soft capsule shell into films using heat-controlled drums or surfaces; and (iv) forming a soft capsule shell encapsulating the matrix fill composition using rotary die encapsulation technology.

Another embodiment described herein is a soft capsule comprising a shell encapsulating a fumarate ester matrix, wherein the matrix comprises: about 10% to about 64% by weight of one or more fumarate esters (PSD: d90≤100 μm); about 18% to about 70% by weight of mono- and di-glycerides; at least about 1% to about 7% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone; at least about 2% to about 10% by weight of polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and at least about 1% to about 5% by weight of lactic acid; and wherein the soft capsule shell comprises: about 20% to about 36% by weight of at least one film-forming polymer; about 8% to about 20% by weight of at least one enteric, acid-insoluble polymer; about 15% to about 20% by weight of at least one plasticizer; about 1% to about 5% by weight of at least one alkali-neutralizing agent; about 20% to about 40% by weight of a solvent; optionally, about 1% to about 5% by weight of an opacifying agent; and optionally, about 0.05% to about 1% by weight of at least one coloring agent.

Another embodiment described herein is a soft capsule comprising a shell encapsulating a fumarate ester matrix, wherein the matrix comprises: about 29% by weight of one or more fumarate esters (PSD: d90≤100 μm); about 54% by weight of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; about 3% by weight polyvinylpyrrolidone; about 10% by weight polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and about 5% by weight lactic acid; and wherein the soft capsule shell comprises: about 30% by weight of at least one film-forming polymer; about 10% by weight of at least one enteric, acid-insoluble polymer; about 20% by weight of at least one plasticizer; about 1% by weight of at least one alkali-neutralizing agent; about 37% by weight of a solvent; optionally, about 1.5% by weight of an opacifying agent; and optionally, at least one coloring agent. In another aspect, the composition comprises DMF, MMF, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, the matrix comprises DMF. In another aspect, the composition comprises MMF. In one aspect, the soft capsule comprising a fumarate ester is resistant to dissolution at about pH 1.2 for at least about 2 hours. In another aspect, the soft capsule comprising a fumarate ester begins dissolution at pH of about 6.8 within about 10 minutes. In one aspect, the soft capsule has immediate release, controlled release, delayed release, or extended release properties. In another aspect, the soft capsule comprising a fumarate ester reduces the onset or ameliorates the severity of any flushing or gastrointestinal side effects.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating, retarding the progression of, delaying the onset of, prophylaxis of, amelioration of, or reducing the symptoms of multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an oral pharmaceutical composition comprising a controlled release soft capsule shell and matrix comprising a fumarate ester. In one aspect, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a controlled release soft capsule comprising a formulation of fumarate ester. In one aspect, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a controlled release soft capsule comprising a formulation of fumarate ester. In another aspect, the composition comprises DMF, MMF, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, the matrix comprises DMF. In another aspect, the composition comprises MMF.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating, retarding the progression of, delaying the onset of, prophylaxis of, amelioration of, or reducing the symptoms of a general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorder, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an oral pharmaceutical composition comprising a controlled release formulation of a fumarate ester, wherein the subject achieves a reduction of annualized relapse rate relative to baseline without substantially experiencing one or more of flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea. In one aspect, the pharmaceutical composition comprises any of the compositions described herein. In another aspect, the composition comprises DMF, MMF, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, the matrix comprises DMF. In another aspect, the composition comprises MMF.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceutical composition as described herein that is useful for treating neurodegenerative disorders. In one aspect, the pharmaceutical composition is useful for treating multiple sclerosis or psoriasis. In one embodiment described herein, subjects that are administered the oral pharmaceutical composition as described herein exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) of from about 1.5 hours to about 3.5 hours.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceutical composition useful for treating, retarding the progression of, delaying the onset of, prophylaxis of, amelioration of, or reducing the symptoms of general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorders. In one aspect, the composition comprises DMF, MMF, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, the matrix comprises DMF. In another aspect, the composition comprises MMF.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating, retarding the progression of, delaying the onset of, prophylaxis of, amelioration of, or reducing the symptoms of general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorders. In one aspect, the composition comprises DMF, MMF, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, the matrix comprises DMF. In another aspect, the composition comprises MMF.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceutical composition comprising a controlled release composition comprising a formulation of a fumarate ester useful for treating, retarding the progression of, delaying the onset of, prophylaxis of, amelioration of, or reducing the symptoms of general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorders, including but not limited to, acute dermatitis, adrenal leukodystrophy, AGE-induced genome damage, Alexander's disease, alopecia areata (totalis and universalis), Alper's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, angina pectoris, arthritis, asthma, autoimmune diseases, balo concentric sclerosis, Behçet's syndrome, bullous pemphigoid, Canavan disease, cardiac insufficiency including left ventricular insufficiency, central nervous system vasculitis, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, childhood ataxia with central nervous system hypomyelination, chronic active (lupoid) hepatitis, chronic dermatitis, chronic idiopathic peripheral neuropathy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, contact dermatitis, Crohn's disease and cutaneous Crohn's disease, cutaneous lupus, cutaneous sarcoidosis, diabetic retinopathy, fibromyalgia, graft versus host disease, granuloma annulare, granulomas including annulare, Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, hepatitis C viral infection, herpes simplex viral infection, human immunodeficiency viral infection, Huntington's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel disorder, ischemia, juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus, Krabbe disease, lichen planus, macular degeneration, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, monomelic amyotrophy, multiple sclerosis (MS), myocardial infarction, necrobiosis lipoidica, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, neurodermatitis, neuromyelitis optica, neuropathic pain, neurosarcoidosis, NF-κB mediated diseases, optic neuritis, organ transplantation rejection, paraneoplastic syndromes, Parkinson's disease, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, pemphigus, pernicious anemia, primary lateral sclerosis, progressive supranuclear palsy, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, radiation induced dermatitis, radicular pain, radiculopathic pain, reperfusion injury, retinopathic pigmentosa, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), sarcoidosis, sarcoidosis, Schilder's disease, sciatic pain, sciatica, Sjögren's syndrome, subacute necrotizing myelopathy, such as polyarthritis, Susac's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), tumors, transverse myelitis, ulcerative colitis, or Zellweger syndrome. In one aspect, the composition comprises DMF, MMF, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, the matrix comprises DMF. In another aspect, the composition comprises MMF.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating, retarding the progression of, delaying the onset of, prophylaxis of, amelioration of, or reducing the symptoms of general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorders, including but not limited to, acute dermatitis, adrenal leukodystrophy, AGE-induced genome damage, Alexander's disease, alopecia areata (totalis and universalis), Alper's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, angina pectoris, arthritis, asthma, autoimmune diseases, balo concentric sclerosis, Behçet's syndrome, bullous pemphigoid, Canavan disease, cardiac insufficiency including left ventricular insufficiency, central nervous system vasculitis, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, childhood ataxia with central nervous system hypomyelination, chronic active (lupoid) hepatitis, chronic dermatitis, chronic idiopathic peripheral neuropathy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, contact dermatitis, Crohn's disease and cutaneous Crohn's disease, cutaneous lupus, cutaneous sarcoidosis, diabetic retinopathy, fibromyalgia, graft versus host disease, granuloma annulare, granulomas including annulare, Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, hepatitis C viral infection, herpes simplex viral infection, human immunodeficiency viral infection, Huntington's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel disorder, ischemia, juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus, Krabbe disease, lichen planus, macular degeneration, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, monomelic amyotrophy, multiple sclerosis (MS), myocardial infarction, necrobiosis lipoidica, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, neurodermatitis, neuromyelitis optica, neuropathic pain, neurosarcoidosis, NF-κB mediated diseases, optic neuritis, organ transplantation rejection, paraneoplastic syndromes, Parkinson's disease, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, pemphigus, pernicious anemia, primary lateral sclerosis, progressive supranuclear palsy, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, radiation induced dermatitis, radicular pain, radiculopathic pain, reperfusion injury, retinopathic pigmentosa, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), sarcoidosis, sarcoidosis, Schilder's disease, sciatic pain, sciatica, Sjögren's syndrome, subacute necrotizing myelopathy, such as polyarthritis, Susac's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), tumors, transverse myelitis, ulcerative colitis, or Zellweger syndrome comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an oral controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprising a fumarate ester. In one embodiment described herein, the oral pharmaceutical composition comprises a soft capsule shell and matrix comprising a fumarate ester. In one aspect, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a controlled release soft capsule comprising a formulation of a fumarate ester. In another aspect, the pharmaceutical composition is an immediate release, delayed release, controlled release, or extended release formulation of a fumarate ester. In another aspect, the composition comprises DMF, MMF, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, the matrix comprises DMF. In another aspect, the composition comprises MMF.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceutical composition comprising a controlled release formulation of a fumarate ester. In one aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing about 85 mg to about 110 mg of one or more fumarate esters, wherein subjects administered the dose form four times daily exhibit one or more pharmacokinetic parameters comprising: (a) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 0.4 mg/L to about 2.41 mg/L; or (b) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(overall) ranging from about 3.2 h·mg/L to about 11.2 h·mg/L. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing about 120 mg to about 180 mg of one or more fumarate esters, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit one or more pharmacokinetic parameters comprising: (a) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 0.4 mg/L to about 2.41 mg/L; (b) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→12h) ranging from about 0.5 h·mg/L to about 2.5 h·mg/L; or (c) a mean AUC_(0→∞) ranging from about 0.5 h·mg/L to about 2.6 h·mg/L. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of one or more fumarate esters, wherein subjects administered the dose form twice-daily exhibit one or more pharmacokinetic parameters comprising: (a) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 1.0 mg/L to about 3.4 mg/L; (b) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(overall) ranging from about 4.81 h·mg/L to about 11.2 h·mg/L. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing about 170 mg to about 220 mg of one or more fumarate esters, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit one or more pharmacokinetic parameters comprising: (a) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 1.0 mg/L to about 3.4 mg/L; (b) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→12h) ranging from about 1.0 h·mg/L to about 5.5 h·mg/L; or (c) a mean AUC_(0→∞) ranging from about 1.0 h·mg/L to about 5.6 h·mg/L. In another aspect, the fumarate ester formulation is encapsulated in a soft capsule. In another aspect, the composition comprises DMF, MMF, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, the matrix comprises DMF. In another aspect, the composition comprises MMF.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceutical composition comprising total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of one or more fumarate esters, wherein subjects administered the capsule exhibit one or more pharmacokinetic parameters comprising: (a) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) of from about 1.5 hours to about 3.5 hours; (b) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 0.4 mg/L to about 2.41 mg/L; (c) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→12h) ranging from about 0.5 h·mg/L to about 2.5 h·mg/L; or (d) a mean AUC_(0→∞) ranging from about 0.5 h·mg/L to about 2.6 h·mg/L. In another aspect, the composition comprises about 170 mg to about 220 mg of one or more fumarate esters, wherein subjects administered the capsule exhibit one or more pharmacokinetic parameters comprising: (a) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) of from about 1.5 hours to about 3.5 hours; (b) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 1.0 mg/L to about 3.4 mg/L; (c) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→12h) ranging from about 1.0 h·mg/L to about 5.5 h·mg/L; or (d) a mean AUC_(0→∞) ranging from about 1.0 h·mg/L to about 5.6 h·mg/L. In one aspect, the composition comprises DMF, MMF, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, the matrix comprises DMF. In another aspect, the composition comprises MMF.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating, retarding the progression of, delaying the onset of, prophylaxis of, amelioration of, or reducing the symptoms of a general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorder, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, comprising orally administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more fumarate esters comprising any of the compositions described herein and a therapeutically amount of one or more non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs effective to reduce flushing. In one aspect, the one or more non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug is aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxene, diclofenac, ketoprofen, celecoxib, or a combination thereof.

Another embodiment described herein is a once or twice daily oral pharmaceutical composition comprising a delayed release, controlled release, or extended release formulation of a fumarate ester. In one aspect, the composition is provided in one or more dosage forms containing about 80 mg to about 460 mg of one or more fumarate esters, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit one or more pharmacokinetic parameters comprising: (a) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 0.4 mg/L to about 5.2 mg/L; or (b) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→∞) ranging from about 0.5 h·mg/L to about 15.5 h·mg/L. In another aspect, the composition is provided in one or more dosage forms containing about 80 mg to about 460 mg of one or more fumarate esters, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit one or more pharmacokinetic parameters comprising: (a) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 0.4 mg/L to about 5.2 mg/L, (b) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→12h) ranging from about 0.5 h·mg/L to about 13.5 h·mg/L, or (c) a mean AUC_(0→∞) ranging from about 0.5 h·mg/L to about 15.5 h·mg/L. In another aspect, the capsule contains a total amount of about 80 mg to about 460 mg of one or more fumarate esters, wherein subjects administered the one or more capsules exhibit one or more pharmacokinetic parameters comprising: (a) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) of from about 1.5 hours to about 10.5 hours; (b) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 0.4 mg/L to about 5.2 mg/L; (c) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→12h) ranging from about 0.5 h·mg/L to about 13.5 h·mg/L; or (d) a mean AUC_(0→∞) ranging from about 0.5 h·mg/L to about 15.5 h·mg/L.

Another embodiment described herein is a pharmaceutical composition as described herein, for oral administration to a subject having multiple sclerosis containing one or more fumarate ester compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof that metabolize to monomethyl fumarate, wherein said administering the composition provides one or more of the following pharmacokinetic parameters: (a) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) of from about 1.5 hours to about 3.5 hours; (b) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 0.4 mg/L to about 3.4 mg/L; (c) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(overall) ranging from about 3.2 h·mg/L to about 11.2 h·mg/L; (d) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→12h) ranging from about 0.5 h·mg/L to about 5.5 h·mg/L; or (e) a mean AUC_(0→∞) ranging from about 0.5 h·mg/L to about 5.6 h·mg/L.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating, retarding the progression of, delaying the onset of, prophylaxis of, amelioration of, or reducing the symptoms of a general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorder, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof any one of the compositions of described herein, containing one or more fumarate ester compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof that metabolize to monomethyl fumarate, wherein said administering the composition provides one or more of the following pharmacokinetic parameters: (a) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) of from about 1.5 hours to about 3.5 hours; (b) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 0.4 mg/L to about 3.4 mg/L; (c) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(overall) ranging from about 3.2 h·mg/L to about 11.2 h·mg/L; (d) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→12h) ranging from about 0.5 h·mg/L to about 5.5 h·mg/L; or (e) a mean AUC_(0→∞) ranging from about 0.5 h·mg/L to about 5.6 h·mg/L.

Another embodiment described herein is a pharmaceutical composition as described herein, for oral administration to a subject having multiple sclerosis containing one or more fumarate ester compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof that metabolize to monomethyl fumarate, wherein said administering the composition provides one or more of the following pharmacokinetic parameters: (a) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) of from about 1.5 hours to about 10.5 hours; (b) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 0.4 mg/L to about 5.2 mg/L; (c) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→12h) ranging from about 0.5 h·mg/L to about 13.5 h·mg/L; or (d) a mean AUC_(0→∞) ranging from about 0.5 h·mg/L to about 15.5 h·mg/L.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating, retarding the progression of, delaying the onset of, prophylaxis of, amelioration of, or reducing the symptoms of a general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorder, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, comprising orally administering to a subject in need thereof any one of the compositions described herein comprising one or more fumarate ester compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof that metabolize to monomethyl fumarate, wherein said administering the composition provides one or more of the following pharmacokinetic parameters: (a) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) of from about 1.5 hours to about 10.5 hours; (b) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 0.4 mg/L to about 5.2 mg/L; (c) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(overall) ranging from about 0.5 h·mg/L to about 15.2 h·mg/L; (d) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→12h) ranging from about 0.5 h·mg/L to about 13.5 h·mg/L; or (e) a mean AUC_(0→∞) ranging from about 0.5 h·mg/L to about 15.5 h·mg/L. In one aspect, the composition comprises DMF, MMF, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, the matrix comprises DMF. In another aspect, the composition comprises MMF.

Another embodiment described herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising any one of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein for oral administration to a subject having multiple sclerosis, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of one or more fumarate esters, wherein the administration is sufficient to achieve a reduction of about 0.224 annualized relapse rate relative to baseline in the subject without substantially inducing one or more of flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea in the subject. In one aspect, the subject experiences one or more of flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea at a rate of less than about 10%. In another aspect, the subject is a child. In one aspect, the child is over 9 years of age.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating, retarding the progression of, delaying the onset of, prophylaxis of, amelioration of, or reducing the symptoms of multiple sclerosis, the method comprising the oral administration of a therapeutically effective amount of one or more fumarate esters comprising any one of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein, to a subject with multiple sclerosis, wherein the administration is sufficient to achieve a reduction of about 0.224 annualized relapse rate relative to baseline in the subject without substantially inducing one or more of flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea in the subject. In one aspect, the subject experiences one or more of flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea at a rate of less than about 10%. In another aspect, the subject is a child. In one aspect, the child is over 9 years of age.

Another embodiment described herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising any one of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein for oral administration to a subject having multiple sclerosis, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of one or more fumarate esters, wherein the administration is sufficient to achieve a reduction of annualized relapse rate relative to baseline in the subject without substantially inducing one or more of flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea in the subject. In one aspect, the subject experiences one or more of flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea at a rate of less than about 10%. In another aspect, the subject is a child. In one aspect, the child is over 9 years of age.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating, retarding the progression of, delaying the onset of, prophylaxis of, amelioration of, or reducing the symptoms of a general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorder, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, the method comprising the oral administration of a therapeutically effective amount of one or more fumarate esters comprising any one of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein to a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject achieves a reduction annualized relapse rate relative to baseline without substantially experiencing one or more of flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea. In one aspect, the subject experiences one or more of flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea at an incidence rate of less than about 10%. In another aspect, the subject is a child. In one aspect, the child is over 9 years of age.

Another embodiment described herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising any one of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein, for oral administration to a subject having a general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorder, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of one or more fumarate esters, wherein the administration is sufficient to achieve a reduction of annualized relapse rate relative to baseline in the subject without substantially inducing one or more of flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea in the subject; and wherein the administration does not require titration of the pharmaceutical composition. In one aspect, the subject experiences one or more of flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea at an incidence rate of less than about 10%. In another aspect, the subject is a child. In one aspect, the child is over 9 years of age.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating, retarding the progression of, delaying the onset of, prophylaxis of, amelioration of, or reducing the symptoms of a general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorder, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis, the method comprising the oral administration of a therapeutically effective amount of one or more fumarate esters comprising any one of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein, to a subject in need thereof, wherein the administration is sufficient to achieve a reduction of annualized relapse rate relative to baseline in the subject without substantially inducing one or more of flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea in the subject; and wherein the administration does not require titration of the pharmaceutical composition.

Another embodiment described herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein for oral administration to a subject having a general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorder, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of one or more fumarate esters, wherein the administration is sufficient to achieve a reduction of about 0.224 annualized relapse rate relative to baseline in the subject without substantially inducing one or more of flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea in the subject and wherein the administration does not require titration of the pharmaceutical composition. In one aspect, the subject experiences one or more of flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea at a rate of less than about 10%. In another aspect, the subject is a child. In one aspect, the child is over 9 years of age.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating, retarding the progression of, delaying the onset of, prophylaxis of, amelioration of, or reducing the symptoms of a general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorder, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis, the method comprising the oral administration of a therapeutically effective amount of one or more fumarate esters comprising any of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein to a subject in need thereof, wherein the administration is sufficient to achieve a reduction of about 0.224 annualized relapse rate relative to baseline in the subject without substantially inducing one or more of flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea in the subject and wherein the administration does not require titration of the pharmaceutical composition. In one aspect, the subject experiences one or more of flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea at an incidence rate of less than about 10%. In another aspect, the subject is a child. In one aspect, the child is over 9 years of age.

Another embodiment described herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising any one of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein, for oral administration to a subject having a general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorder, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of one or more fumarate esters, wherein the subject achieves a reduction of annualized relapse rate relative to baseline without substantially experiencing one or more of flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea in the subject and wherein the administration does not require titration of the pharmaceutical composition.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating, retarding the progression of, delaying the onset of, prophylaxis of, amelioration of, or reducing the symptoms of a general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorder, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, the method comprising the oral administration of a therapeutically effective amount of one or more fumarate esters comprising any one of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein, to a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject achieves a reduction of annualized relapse rate relative to baseline without substantially experiencing one or more of flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea in the subject and wherein the administration does not require titration of the pharmaceutical composition.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the compositions described herein for administration to a subject having a general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorder, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of one or more fumarate esters, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is stable at 25° C. and 60% RH for at least 1 year.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the compositions described herein comprising a therapeutically effective amount of one or more fumarate esters for administration to a subject diagnosed with multiple sclerosis or psoriasis.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating, retarding the progression of, delaying the onset of, prophylaxis of, amelioration of, or reducing the symptoms of a general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorder, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, comprising orally administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more fumarate esters comprising any of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein.

Another embodiment described herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising any one of the compositions described herein, for oral administration to a subject of less than 17 years of age having a general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorder, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of one or more fumarate esters.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating, retarding the progression of, delaying the onset of, prophylaxis of, amelioration of, or reducing the symptoms of a subject of less than 17 years of age having a general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorder, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, comprising orally administering to a subject in need thereof having an age less than 17 a therapeutically effective amount of one or more fumarate esters comprising any one of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating, retarding the progression of, delaying the onset of, prophylaxis of, amelioration of, or reducing the symptoms of a general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorder, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, comprising orally administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a fumarate ester comprising any of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein and a therapeutically effective amount of a leukotriene receptor antagonist. In one aspect, the leukotriene receptor antagonist comprises montelukast or zafirlukast.

Another embodiment described herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a matrix fill comprising any of the compositions described herein. In one aspect, the composition is shown in any of the tables described herein.

Another embodiment described herein is a pharmaceutical composition for treating, retarding the progression of, delaying the onset of, prophylaxis of, amelioration of, or reducing the symptoms of a general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorder, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, comprising a fumarate ester, wherein the pharmaceutical composition exhibits an in vitro dissolution rate (% dissolution per minute) at pH 6.8, as shown in any of the Drawings described herein.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating, retarding the progression of, delaying the onset of, prophylaxis of, amelioration of, or reducing the symptoms of a general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorder, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, comprising orally administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more fumarate esters comprising any of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein, wherein the composition exhibits an in vitro dissolution rate (% dissolution per minute) at pH 6.8, as shown in any of the Drawings described herein.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceutical composition for treating, retarding the progression of, delaying the onset of, prophylaxis of, amelioration of, or reducing the symptoms of general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorders, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, comprising one or more fumarate esters, wherein the pharmaceutical composition exhibits a plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) of about 1321.3±618.9 ng/mL.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating, retarding the progression of, delaying the onset of, prophylaxis of, amelioration of, or reducing the symptoms of general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorders, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, comprising orally administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more fumarate esters comprising any of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein, wherein the pharmaceutical composition exhibits a plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) of about 1321.3±618.9 ng/mL.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceutical composition for treating, retarding the progression of, delaying the onset of, prophylaxis of, amelioration of, or reducing the symptoms of general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorders, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, comprising one or more fumarate esters, wherein the pharmaceutical composition exhibits a plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) as shown herein in Drawing 15.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating, retarding the progression of, delaying the onset of, prophylaxis of, amelioration of, or reducing the symptoms of general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorders, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, comprising orally administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more fumarate esters comprising any of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein, wherein the pharmaceutical composition exhibits a plasma monomethyl fumarate pharmacokinetic parameter as described herein.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceutical composition for treating, retarding the progression of, delaying the onset of, prophylaxis of, amelioration of, or reducing the symptoms of a general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorder, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, comprising one or more fumarate esters, wherein the pharmaceutical composition exhibits an in vitro dissolution rate at pH 6.8 comprising about 10% to about 80% dissolution after about 10 minutes to about 480 minutes.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating, retarding the progression of, delaying the onset of, prophylaxis of, amelioration of, or reducing the symptoms of general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorders, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, comprising orally administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more fumarate esters comprising any of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered without titration of the pharmaceutical composition and without substantially inducing one or more of flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea in the subject.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceutical composition for treating, retarding the progression of, delaying the onset of, prophylaxis of, amelioration of, or reducing the symptoms of general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorders, comprising one or more fumarate esters, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered without titration of the pharmaceutical composition and without substantially inducing one or more of flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea in the subject.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceutical composition comprising a controlled release soft capsule shell encapsulating a matrix comprising: about 10% to about 64% by weight of one or more fumarate esters (FAE; PSD: d90≤100 μm); about 18% to about 70% by weight of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; about 3% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone; about 10% by weight of polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and about 5% by weight of lactic acid. In one aspect, the matrix comprises about 13% to about 16%; about 27% to about 32%; about 34%, about 48%, or about 53% to about 64%, each by weight of one or more FAEs. In another aspect, the mixture of mono- and di-glycerides is present in an amount of about 66% to about 69%; about 48% to about 55%; or about 18% to about 29%, each by weight. In another aspect, the one or more FAEs comprise about 80 mg to about 460 mg FAE. In another aspect, the matrix comprises about 80 mg to about 105 mg FAE, about 90 mg to about 110 mg FAE, about 95 mg to about 115 mg FAE, about 100 mg to about 120 mg FAE; about 180 mg to about 230 mg FAE; about 200 mg to about 230 mg FAE; about 270 mg to about 360 mg FAE; about 340 mg to about 440 mg FAE; or about 400 to about 460 mg FAE. In another aspect, the matrix comprises about 90 mg to about 110 mg FAE. In another aspect, the matrix comprises about 180 mg to about 230 mg FAE. In another aspect, the matrix comprises about 200 mg to about 220 mg FAE. In another aspect, the matrix comprises about 214 mg FAE. In another aspect, the matrix comprises about 0.5 to about 3.5 mmol FAE. In another aspect, the matrix comprises about 0.6 to about 1.7 mmol FAE. In another aspect, the matrix comprises DMF, MMF, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, the matrix comprises DMF. In another aspect, the matrix comprises MMF.

Another embodiment described herein is a method of treating multiple sclerosis in a subject in need thereof comprising orally administering to the subject one or more doses of a composition comprising one or more fumarate esters in an amount of about 90 mg to about 110 mg FAE or about 170 mg to about 220 mg FAE, wherein the one or more doses comprise a controlled release pharmaceutical composition that releases the contents at a physiological pH of about pH 6.8.

Another embodiment described herein is a method of treating multiple sclerosis in a subject in need thereof comprising orally administering to the subject one or more doses of one or more fumarate esters comprising about 90 mg to about 110 mg FAE or about 170 mg to about 220 mg FAE wherein the FAE comprises dimethyl fumarate.

Another embodiment described herein is a method of treating multiple sclerosis in a subject in need thereof comprising orally administering to the subject one or more doses of one or more fumarate esters comprising about 90 mg to about 110 mg FAE or about 170 mg to about 220 mg FAE wherein the FAE comprises methyl hydrogen fumarate.

Another embodiment described herein is a method of treating multiple sclerosis in a subject in need thereof comprising orally administering to the subject one or more doses of one or more fumarate esters wherein methyl hydrogen fumarate activates a nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2; Nrf2) transcriptional pathway. In one aspect, the dose comprises an oral controlled release composition comprising: about 10% to about 64% by weight of one or more fumarate esters (FAE; PSD: d90≤100 μm); about 18% to about 70% by weight of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; about 3% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone; about 10% by weight of polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and about 5% by weight of lactic acid. In another aspect, the dose comprises one or more FAEs in an amount of about 80 mg to about 460 mg. In another aspect, the dose comprises one or more FAEs in an amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg. In another aspect, the dose comprises one or more FAEs in an amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg. In another aspect, a daily total dose comprises one or more FAEs in an amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg. In another aspect, the fumarate ester comprises MMF, DMF, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, the matrix comprises DMF. In another aspect, the fumarate ester comprises MMF.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprising a soft capsule shell and a matrix, the matrix comprising about 10% to about 64% by weight of one or more FAEs (PSD: d90≤100 μm); about 18% to about 70% by weight of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; about 1% to about 10% by weight polyvinylpyrrolidone; about 2% to about 10% by weight polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and about 1% to about 5% by weight lactic acid. In one aspect, the soft capsule shell is a soft capsule comprising about 30% by weight of gelatin; about 10% by weight of methylacrylic acid copolymer; about 18% by weight of glycerol; about 1% by weight of triethyl citrate; about 1.5% by weight of ammonia; and about 37% by weight of water.

Another embodiment described herein is a method of treating multiple sclerosis in a subject in need thereof comprising orally administering to the subject one or more doses of an oral controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprising a soft capsule shell and a matrix, the matrix comprising about 10% to about 64% by weight of one or more fumarate esters (FAE; PSD: d90≤100 μm); about 18% to about 70% by weight of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; about 1% to about 10% by weight polyvinylpyrrolidone; about 2% to about 10% by weight polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and about 1% to about 5% by weight lactic acid.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprising a soft capsule shell and a matrix, the matrix comprising about 34% by weight of FAE; about 48% by weight of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; about 10% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone; about 3% by weight of polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and about 5% by weight of lactic acid. In one aspect, the soft capsule shell is a soft capsule shell comprising about 30% by weight of gelatin; about 10% by weight of methylacrylic acid copolymer; about 18% by weight of glycerol; about 1% by weight of triethyl citrate; about 1.5% by weight of ammonia; and about 37% by weight of water.

Another embodiment described herein is method of treating multiple sclerosis in a subject in need thereof comprising orally administering to the subject one or more doses of an oral controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprising a soft capsule shell and a matrix, the matrix comprising about 34% by weight of FAE; about 48% by weight of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; about 10% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone; about 3% by weight of polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and about 5% by weight of lactic acid.

Another embodiment described herein is a method of treating multiple sclerosis in a subject in need thereof comprising orally administering to the subject one or more doses of an oral controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprising a soft capsule shell and a matrix, the matrix comprising about 34% by weight of DMF or MMF; about 48% by weight of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; about 10% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone; about 3% by weight of polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and about 5% by weight of lactic acid.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprising a soft capsule shell and a matrix, the matrix comprising about 75 mg, about 80 mg, about 85 mg, about 90 mg, about 95 mg, about 100 mg, about 105 mg, about 108 mg, about 110 mg, about 115 mg, about 120 mg, about 180 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 216 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 360 mg, about 400 mg, about 420 mg, about 432 mg, about 440 mg, about 460 mg, or about 480 mg of FAE; about 48% by weight of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; about 10% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone; about 3% by weight of polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and about 5% by weight of lactic acid.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprising a soft capsule shell and a matrix, the matrix comprising about 75 mg, about 80 mg, about 85 mg, about 90 mg, about 95 mg, about 100 mg, about 105 mg, about 108 mg, about 110 mg, about 115 mg, about 120 mg, about 180 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 216 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 360 mg, about 400 mg, about 420 mg, about 432 mg, about 440 mg, about 460 mg, or about 480 mg of DMF or MMF; about 48% by weight of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; about 10% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone; about 3% by weight of polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and about 5% by weight of lactic acid.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral controlled release pharmaceutical composition dosage form comprising a daily total amount of FAE of about 180 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 216 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 360 mg, about 400 mg, about 420 mg, about 432 mg, about 440 mg, about 460 mg, or about 480 mg.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral controlled release pharmaceutical composition dosage form comprising a daily total amount of DMF or MMF of about 180 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 216 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 360 mg, about 400 mg, about 420 mg, about 432 mg, about 440 mg, about 460 mg, or about 480 mg.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceutical composition providing a daily total amount of DMF or MMF of about 180 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 216 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 360 mg, about 400 mg, about 420 mg, about 432 mg, about 440 mg, about 460 mg, or about 480 mg DMF or MMF; about 48% by weight of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; about 10% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone; about 3% by weight of polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and about 5% by weight of lactic acid.

Another embodiment described herein is a method of treating multiple sclerosis in a subject in need thereof comprising orally administering to the subject one or more doses of a pharmaceutical composition providing a daily total amount of FAE of about 180 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 216 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 360 mg, about 400 mg, about 420 mg, about 432 mg, about 440 mg, about 460 mg, or about 480 mg.

Another embodiment described herein is a method of treating multiple sclerosis in a subject in need thereof comprising orally administering to the subject one or more doses of a pharmaceutical composition providing a daily total amount of DMF or MMF of about 180 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 216 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 360 mg, about 400 mg, about 420 mg, about 432 mg, about 440 mg, about 460 mg, or about 480 mg.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceutical composition comprising a controlled release soft capsule shell and matrix comprising: about 10% to about 64% of one or more fumarate esters (FAE; PSD: <100 μm); about 18% to about 70% by weight of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; at least about 3% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone; at least about 10% by weight of polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and at least about 5% by weight of lactic acid. In one aspect, the composition comprises one or more FAEs in an amount of about 13% to about 16% by weight; about 27% to about 32% by weight; or about 48% to about 64% by weight. In another aspect, the composition comprises mono- and di-glycerides in an amount of about 66% to about 69% by weight; about 50% to about 55% by weight; or about 18% to about 29% by weight. In another aspect, the composition comprises one or more FAEs in an amount of about 80 mg to about 460 mg FAE. In another aspect, the composition comprises one or more FAEs in an amount of about 80 mg to about 100 mg FAE; about 90 mg to about 110 mg FAE, about 100 mg to about 120 mg FAE; about 180 mg to about 220 mg FAE; about 200 mg to about 230 mg FAE; or about 400 mg to about 460 mg FAE. In another aspect, the composition comprises one or more FAEs in an amount of about 90 mg to about 110 mg FAE. In another aspect, the composition comprises one or more FAEs in an amount of about 100 mg to about 120 mg FAE. In another aspect, the composition comprises one or more FAEs in an amount of about 200 mg to about 220 mg FAE. In another aspect, the composition comprises one or more FAEs in an amount of about 210 mg to about 220 mg FAE. In another aspect, the composition comprises one or more FAEs in an amount of about 214 mg FAE. In another aspect, the composition comprises one or more FAEs in an amount of about 1.5 to about 1.7 mmol FAE. In another aspect, the matrix comprises DMF, MMF, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, the matrix comprises DMF. In another aspect, the matrix comprises MMF.

Another embodiment described herein is a method of treating multiple sclerosis in a subject in need thereof comprising orally administering to the subject one or more doses of one or more fumarate esters in an amount of about 180 mg to about 220 mg FAE, wherein the one or more doses comprise a controlled release pharmaceutical composition that releases the contents at a physiological pH of about pH 6.8.

Another embodiment described herein is a method of treating multiple sclerosis in a subject in need thereof comprising orally administering to the subject one or more doses of one or more fumarate esters in an amount of about 180 mg to about 220 mg FAE, wherein the FAE comprises dimethyl fumarate.

Another embodiment described herein is a method of treating multiple sclerosis in a subject in need thereof comprising orally administering to the subject one or more doses of one or more fumarate esters in an amount of about 180 mg to about 220 mg FAE, wherein the FAE comprises methyl hydrogen fumarate.

Another embodiment described herein is a method of treating multiple sclerosis in a subject in need thereof comprising orally administering to the subject one or more doses of one or more fumarate esters wherein methyl hydrogen fumarate activates a nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2; Nrf2) transcriptional pathway. In one aspect, the one or more doses of fumarate esters comprise an oral controlled release composition comprising: about 10% to about 64% by weight of one or more fumarate esters (FAE; PSD: <100 μm); about 18% to about 70% by weight of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; at least about 3% by weight polyvinylpyrrolidone; at least about 10% by weight polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and at least about 5% by weight lactic acid. In another aspect, the dose comprises one or more FAEs in an amount of about 80 mg to about 460 mg. In another aspect, the dose comprises one or more FAEs in an amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg. In another aspect, the dose comprises one or more FAEs in an amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg. In another aspect, a daily total dose comprises one or more FAEs in an amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg. In another aspect, the FAE comprises MMF, DMF, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, the FAE comprises DMF. In another aspect, the FAE comprises MMF.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprising a soft capsule and a matrix, the matrix comprising about 10% to about 64% by weight of one or more fumarate esters (FAE; PSD: d90≤100 μm); about 18% to about 70% by weight of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; about 1% to about 10% by weight polyvinylpyrrolidone; about 2% to about 10% by weight polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and about 1% to about 5% by weight lactic acid. In one embodiment, the FAE is dimethyl fumarate. In one embodiment, the soft capsule is a soft capsule shell comprising about 30% by weight of gelatin; about 10% by weight of methylacrylic acid copolymer; about 18% by weight of glycerol; about 1% by weight of triethyl citrate; about 1.5% by weight of ammonia; and about 37% by weight of water.

Another embodiment described herein is a method of treating multiple sclerosis in a subject in need thereof comprising orally administering to the subject one or more doses of an oral controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprising a soft capsule shell and a matrix, the matrix comprising about 10% to about 64% by weight of one or more fumarate esters (FAE; PSD: d90≤100 μm); about 18% to about 70% by weight of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; about 1% to about 10% by weight polyvinylpyrrolidone; about 2% to about 10% by weight polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and about 1% to about 5% by weight lactic acid.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprising a soft capsule shell and a matrix, the matrix comprising about 34% by weight of FAE; about 48% by weight of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; about 10% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone; about 3% by weight of polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and about 5% by weight of lactic acid. In one embodiment, the FAE is dimethyl fumarate. In one embodiment, the soft capsule is a soft capsule comprising about 30% by weight of gelatin; about 10% by weight of methylacrylic acid copolymer; about 18% by weight of glycerol; about 1% by weight of triethyl citrate; about 1.5% by weight of ammonia; and about 37% by weight of water.

Another embodiment described herein is a method of treating multiple sclerosis in a subject in need thereof comprising orally administering to the subject one or more doses of an oral controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprising a soft capsule shell and a matrix, the matrix comprising about 34% by weight of FAE; about 48% by weight of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; about 10% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone; about 3% by weight of polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and about 5% by weight of lactic acid.

Another embodiment described herein is a method of treating multiple sclerosis in a subject in need thereof comprising orally administering to the subject one or more doses of an oral controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprising a soft capsule shell and a matrix, the matrix comprising about 34% by weight of DMF or MMF; about 48% by weight of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; about 10% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone; about 3% by weight of polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and about 5% by weight of lactic acid.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprising a soft capsule and a matrix, the matrix comprising about 75 mg, about 80 mg, about 85 mg, about 90 mg, about 95 mg, about 100 mg, about 105 mg, about 108 mg, about 110 mg, about 115 mg, about 120 mg, about 180 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 216 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 360 mg, about 400 mg, about 420 mg, about 432 mg, about 440 mg, about 460 mg, or about 480 mg of FAE and about 48% by weight of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; about 10% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone; about 3% by weight of polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and about 5% by weight of lactic acid. In one embodiment, the soft capsule is a soft capsule comprising about 30% by weight of gelatin; about 10% by weight of methylacrylic acid copolymer; about 18% by weight of glycerol; about 1% by weight of triethyl citrate; about 1.5% by weight of ammonia; and about 37% by weight of water.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprising a soft capsule and a matrix, the matrix comprising about 75 mg, about 80 mg, about 85 mg, about 90 mg, about 95 mg, about 100 mg, about 105 mg, about 108 mg, about 110 mg, about 115 mg, about 120 mg, about 180 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 216 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 360 mg, about 400 mg, about 420 mg, about 432 mg, about 440 mg, about 460 mg, or about 480 mg of DMF or MMF and about 48% by weight of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; about 10% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone; about 3% by weight of polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and about 5% by weight of lactic acid. In one embodiment, the soft capsule is a soft capsule comprising about 30% by weight of gelatin; about 10% by weight of methylacrylic acid copolymer; about 18% by weight of glycerol; about 1% by weight of triethyl citrate; about 1.5% by weight of ammonia; and about 37% by weight of water.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral controlled release pharmaceutical composition dosage forms comprising a daily total amount of FAE of about 180 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 216 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 360 mg, about 400 mg, about 420 mg, about 432 mg, about 440 mg, about 460 mg, or about 480 mg.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral controlled release pharmaceutical composition dosage form comprising a daily total amount of DMF or MMF of about 180 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 216 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 360 mg, about 400 mg, about 420 mg, about 432 mg, about 440 mg, about 460 mg, or about 480 mg.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceutical compositions providing a daily total amount of FAE of about 180 mg, about 190 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 216 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 360 mg, about 380 mg, about 400 mg, about 420 mg, about 432 mg, about 440 mg, about 460 mg, or about 480 mg FAE; about 48% by weight of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; about 10% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone; about 3% by weight of polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and about 5% by weight of lactic acid.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceutical compositions providing a daily total amount of DMF or MMF of about 180 mg, about 190 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 216 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 360 mg, about 380 mg, about 400 mg, about 420 mg, about 432 mg, about 440 mg, about 460 mg, or about 480 mg DMF or MMF; about 48% by weight of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; about 10% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone; about 3% by weight of polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and about 5% by weight of lactic acid.

Another embodiment described herein is a method of treating multiple sclerosis in a subject in need thereof comprising orally administering to the subject one or more doses of a pharmaceutical composition providing a daily total amount of FAE of about 180 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 216 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 360 mg, about 400 mg, about 420 mg, about 432 mg, about 440 mg, about 460 mg, or about 480 mg. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 34% by weight of FAE; about 48% by weight of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; about 10% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone; about 3% by weight of polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil; and about 5% by weight of lactic acid.

Another embodiment described herein is a method of treating multiple sclerosis in a subject in need thereof comprising orally administering to the subject one or more doses of a pharmaceutical composition providing a daily total amount of DMF or MMF of about 180 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 216 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 360 mg, about 400 mg, about 420 mg, about 432 mg, about 440 mg, about 460 mg, or about 480 mg. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 34% by weight of DMF or MMF; about 48% by weight of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; about 10% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone; about 3% by weight of polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil; and about 5% by weight of lactic acid.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceutical composition for treating multiple sclerosis in a subject in need thereof comprising one or more fumarate esters comprising DMF, MMF, or a combination thereof.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceutical composition for treating multiple sclerosis in a subject in need thereof comprising one or more fumarate esters comprising DMF.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceutical composition for treating multiple sclerosis in a subject in need thereof comprising one or more fumarate esters comprising MMF.

Another embodiment described herein is any of the foregoing compositions or methods, wherein the fumarate ester comprises a therapeutically effective amount of DMF, MMF, or a combination thereof.

Another embodiment described herein is any of the foregoing compositions or methods, wherein the fumarate ester comprises a therapeutically effective amount of DMF.

Another embodiment described herein is any of the foregoing compositions or methods, wherein the fumarate ester comprises a therapeutically effective amount of MMF.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further features of the present disclosure will become more apparent with the following detailed description when taken with reference to the accompanying drawings, each according to an aspect of the present disclosure:

FIG. 1. Scheme for manufacturing enteric soft capsules comprising a DMF matrix.

FIG. 2. Dissolution of enteric soft capsules comprising two DMF formulations.

FIG. 3. DMF enteric soft capsule stability.

FIG. 4. DMF release in enteric soft capsules.

FIG. 5. Surfactant affects DMF release rate.

FIG. 6. Polyvinylpyrrolidone concentration affects DMF release rate.

FIG. 7. DMF enteric soft capsules are amenable to controlled or extended release.

FIG. 8. DMF particle size affects release rate.

FIG. 9. Two-stage dissolution of application batches.

FIG. 10. Two-stage dissolution of GMP batch compared to application batches.

FIG. 11. Effects of Povidone K30 and PEG 600 on DMF release rate.

FIG. 12. Two-stage dissolution of 120 mg DMF enteric soft capsule.

FIG. 13. DMF enteric soft capsule stability at T₀ and after 3- and 6-month conditions.

FIG. 14. Two-stage dissolution of monomethyl fumarate enteric soft capsules.

FIG. 15. Mean plasma concentration of MMF over time following dose administration.

FIG. 16. Two-stage dissolution of dimethyl fumarate and monomethyl fumarate enteric soft capsules.

FIG. 17. Release of fumarate ester in soybean oil from enteric soft capsules under acidic conditions (pH 1.2).

FIG. 18. Release of fumarate ester in soybean and vegetable oil from enteric soft capsules under acidic conditions (pH 1.2).

FIG. 19. Release of fumarate ester in mono- and di-glycerides from enteric soft capsules under acidic conditions (pH 1.2).

FIG. 20. Two-stage dissolution of fumarate ester in soft capsules coated with an enteric coating.

FIG. 21. Two-stage dissolution of fumarate ester in soft capsules and enteric soft capsules coated with an enteric coating.

FIG. 22. Comparison of data from FIG. 21 with enteric soft capsule containing dimethyl fumarate.

FIG. 23. Two-stage dissolution of fumarate ester in a soft capsule and an enteric soft capsule coated with an enteric coating with and without precoating.

FIG. 24. Mean plasma monomethyl fumarate concentrations for Test samples T1, T2, T3, and the Reference as a function of time after dosing (see Examples 31-33). Panels A and B show the same data, with B having a logarithmic y-axis.

FIG. 25. Mean plasma monomethyl fumarate concentrations for Test samples T4, T5, T6, and the Reference as a function of time after dosing (see Examples 31-33). Panels A and B show the same data, with B having a logarithmic y-axis.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Described herein are pharmaceutical compositions of fumarate esters, such as dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, pro-drugs of monomethyl fumarate, other pharmacologically active fumarate esters, or combinations thereof.

The pharmaceutical compositions described herein provide compositions of fumarate esters, di-alkyl fumarates, mono-alkyl fumarates, such as dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, or combinations thereof, and methods for preparation thereof. Also described herein are compositions and methods for manufacturing controlled, delayed, or extended release fumarate esters, dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, or combinations thereof as capsule dosage forms. In one embodiment described herein, the fumarate ester pharmaceutical composition is a liquid. In one aspect, the liquid is a single-phase, flowable liquid. The liquid can be lipid, lipophilic, hydrophilic, or combinations thereof. In one aspect, the liquid is non-aqueous. In another aspect, the liquid is aqueous. In one embodiment described herein, the fumarate ester pharmaceutical composition is a liquid encapsulated within a soft capsule shell. In another embodiment described herein, the fumarate ester pharmaceutical composition is a liquid encapsulated within a hard capsule shell. In another embodiment, the soft capsule is a soft capsule or an enteric soft capsule coated with an enteric coating and one or more subcoatings or top coatings. In another embodiment described herein, the composition is encapsulated in a hard capsule or an enteric hard capsule. In another embodiment described herein, the composition is encapsulated in a hard capsule comprising an enteric coating and one or more subcoatings or top coatings. In another embodiment described herein, the fumarate ester is in the form of solid microparticles of defined size within a composition comprising a lipid or lipophilic vehicle. In some aspects described herein, the lipid or lipophilic vehicle may comprise one or more hydrophilic polymers or species, but as described herein, the vehicle is considered a lipid or lipophilic vehicle.

As used herein, the terms “fumarate ester” or “FAE” refers to any pharmacologically active mono- or di-alkyl fumarate ester, such as monomethyl fumarate, dimethyl fumarate, or other fumarate esters, acids, salts, pro-drugs of monomethyl fumarate, derivatives thereof, combinations or mixtures of any of the foregoing. Fumarate ester as used herein also comprises prodrugs that are metabolized to monomethyl fumarate after administration to a subject.

The terms “active ingredient” or “active pharmaceutical ingredient” as used herein refer to a pharmaceutical agent, active ingredient, compound, or substance, compositions, or mixtures thereof, that provide a pharmacological, often beneficial, effect.

The term “dose” as used herein denotes any form of the active ingredient formulation that contains an amount sufficient to produce a therapeutic effect with a single administration.

The term “dosage” as used herein refers to the administering of a specific amount, number, and frequency of doses over a specified period of time, typically 1 day.

The term “dosage form” as used herein refers to any pharmaceutical composition described herein in a form that can be administered to a subject. The dosage form used herein is for oral administration. Exemplary dosage forms described herein include capsules, hard capsules, soft capsules, enteric soft capsules, coated soft capsules, suspensions, solutions emulsions, or the like.

The term “soft capsule” or “soft gel capsule” as used herein refers to a soft capsule comprising one or more film-forming polymers that is capable of encapsulating a liquid “matrix” or “fill” comprising pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients. The term soft capsule can encompass enteric soft capsules as described herein.

The term “enteric soft capsule” as used herein refers to a soft capsule comprising one or more enteric polymers in the shell or a soft capsule that has been coated with one or more enteric coatings that are applied to the external surface of the capsule as described herein. The coated soft capsule may have one or more subcoatings applied prior to the application of the enteric coating.

The terms “matrix,” “fill,” or “matrix fill” as used herein refer to a composition comprising one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients that is encapsulated within a capsule. Often the matrix comprises a vehicle, one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In one aspect described herein, the matrix is a liquid and comprises a lipid or lipophilic liquid comprising one or more fumarate esters.

The terms “active pharmaceutical ingredient load” or “drug load” as used herein refers to the quantity (mass) of the active pharmaceutical ingredient comprised in a single soft capsule fill.

The terms “formulation” or “composition” as used herein refers to the drug in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. This term includes orally administrable formulations as well as formulations administrable by other means.

The term “titration” as used herein refers to the incremental increase in drug dosage to a level that provides the optimal therapeutic effect.

The term “controlled release” as used herein encompasses the terms “immediate release,” “modified release,” “sustained release,” “extended release,” and “delayed release.”

The terms “extended release” or “sustained release” as used herein refers to a composition that releases an active ingredient according to a desired profile over an extended period under physiological conditions or in an in vitro test. By “extended period” it is meant a continuous period of time of at least about 1 hour; about 2 hours; about 4 hours; about 6 hours; about 8 hours; about 10 hours; about 12 hours; about 14 hours; about 16 hours; about 18 hours; about 20 hours about 24 hours; or even longer; specifically, over a period of about 18 hours under physiological conditions or in an in vitro assay.

The term “modified release” as used herein refers to a composition that releases an active ingredient at a slower rate than does an immediate release formulation under physiological conditions or in an in vitro test.

The term “delayed” release” as used herein refers to a composition that releases an active ingredient after a period of time, for example minutes or hours, such that the active ingredient is not released initially. A delayed release composition may provide, for example, the release of a drug or active ingredient from a dosage form, after a certain period, under physiological conditions or in an in vitro test.

The term mean “particle size distribution” (PSD) as used herein refers to the mean particle size from a statistical distribution of a range of particle sizes as described herein. The distribution may be a Gaussian, normal distribution, or a non-normal distribution.

The terms such as “d90,” “d50,” and “d10” refer to the percentage (e.g., 90%, 50%, or 10%, respectively) of particle sizes that are less than a specified size, range, or distribution. For example, “d90≤90 μm” as specified means that 90% of the particle sizes within a distribution of particles are less than or equal to 90 μm.

The term “C_(max)” as used herein refers to the maximum observed blood (plasma, serum, or whole blood) concentration or the maximum blood concentration calculated or estimated from a concentration to time curve, and is expressed in units of mg/L or ng/mL, as applicable.

The term “C_(min)” as used herein refers to the minimum observed blood (plasma, serum, or whole blood) concentration or the minimum blood concentration calculated or estimated from a concentration to time curve, and is expressed in units of mg/L or ng/mL, as applicable.

The term “C_(avg)” as used herein refers to the blood (plasma, serum, or whole blood) concentration of the drug within the dosing interval, is calculated as AUC/dosing interval, and is expressed in units of mg/L or ng/mL, as applicable.

The term “T_(max)” as used herein refers to the time after administration at which C_(max) occurs, and is expressed in units of hours (h) or minutes (min), as applicable.

The term “AUC_(0→τ)” as used herein refers to area under the blood (plasma, serum, or whole blood) concentration versus time curve from time zero to time tau (τ) over a dosing interval at steady state, where tau is the length of the dosing interval, and is expressed in units of h·mg/L or h·ng/mL, as applicable. For example, the term AUC_(0→12) as used herein refers to the area under the concentration versus time curve from 0 to 12 hours.

The term “AUc_(0→∞)” as used herein refers to the area under the blood (plasma, serum, or whole blood) concentration versus time curve from time 0 hours to infinity, and is expressed in units of h·mg/L or h·ng/mL, as applicable.

The term “AUC_(overall)” as used herein refers to the combined area under the blood (plasma, serum, or whole blood) concentration versus time curve, and is expressed in units of h·mg/L (or h·ng/mL) for at least one or more doses of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein. In one aspect, the “AUC_(overall)” refers to the combined area under the blood concentration versus time curve for at least two doses of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein.

The terms “bioequivalence” or “bioequivalent” as used herein refer to a drug product or dosage form that has highly similar release and systemic absorption as compared to a reference drug. The U.S. Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. § 505(j)(8)(B)(i)) provides that a drug is bioequivalent to a reference listed drug (RLD) if: “the rate and extent of absorption of the drug do not show a significant difference from the rate and extent of absorption of the listed drug when administered at the same molar dose of the therapeutic ingredient under similar experimental conditions in either a single dose or multiple doses . . . .”

The phrase “enhanced bioavailability” as used herein refers to the increased proportion of an active pharmaceutical ingredient that enters the systemic circulation when introduced into the body as compared to a reference active pharmaceutical's bioavailability. Bioavailability can be determined by comparing the rate and extent of absorption of a test drug with a reference drug when administered at the same molar dose of the active therapeutic ingredient under similar experimental conditions in either a single dose or multiple doses. Typical pharmacokinetic parameters can be used to demonstrate enhanced bioavailability compared to the reference.

The term “treating” refers to administering a therapy in an amount, manner, or mode effective (e.g., a therapeutic effect) to improve a condition, symptom, disorder, or parameter associated with a disorder, or a likelihood thereof.

The term “prophylaxis” refers to preventing or reducing the progression of a disorder, either to a statistically significant degree or to a degree detectable to one skilled in the art.

The term “substantially” as used herein means to a great or significant extent, but not completely.

As used herein, all percentages (%) refer to weight percent (w/w) unless noted otherwise.

The term “about” as used herein refers to any values, including both integers and fractional components that are within a variation of up to ±10% of the value modified by the term “about.”

As used herein, “a” or “an” means one or more unless otherwise specified.

Terms such as “include,” “including,” “contain,” “containing,” “having,” and the like mean “comprising.”

The term “or” can be conjunctive or disjunctive.

One embodiment described herein is a liquid pharmaceutical composition of one or more fumarate esters. Particles or micronized powders of one or more fumarate esters can be suspended or solvated in various solutions. The solutions can comprise lipid or lipophilic liquids or hydrophilic liquids. Such liquids can be encapsulated in capsules, such as hard or soft capsules. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a non-aqueous, single-phase, flowable liquid. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a liquid comprising one or more lipid liquids, lipophilic liquids, hydrophilic liquids, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a liquid comprising one or more lipid liquids, lipophilic liquids, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a liquid comprising one or more lipophilic liquids, hydrophilic liquids, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a liquid comprising one or more lipid liquids.

One embodiment described herein, is a controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more fumarate esters. Another embodiment is a controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprising a soft capsule shell encapsulating a liquid matrix fill comprising one or more fumarate esters. Another embodiment is a controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprising a hard capsule shell encapsulating a liquid matrix fill comprising one or more fumarate esters.

Another embodiment is a controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprising a capsule shell encapsulating a matrix fill comprising one or more fumarate esters, wherein the capsule shell comprises one or more subcoatings, coatings, or topcoatings. Suitable coatings may be adherence coatings, enteric coatings, moisture barriers, air or gas barriers, polymer coatings, colorings, flavors, writings, or combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition has controlled release properties.

In another embodiment, the matrix fill provides controlled release properties. Such controlled release matrix fills are described in International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2005/009409; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2006/0115527; U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,293,270; and 8,333,989, each of which is incorporated by reference herein for such teachings. In one aspect, the matrix is configured to provide controlled release, extended release, sustained release, delayed release, or combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, the matrix comprises a lipid or lipophilic vehicle that provides a suspension of fumarate ester microparticles having defined sizes. In one aspect, a capsule comprising a lipid or lipophilic vehicle comprising suspension of one or more fumarate ester microparticles provides controlled release delivery of the fumarate ester. In one embodiment, the capsule is a soft capsule. In another embodiment, the capsule is a hard capsule. In another embodiment, the capsule is coated with one or more subcoatings, one or more enteric coatings, and one or more topcoating moisture barriers.

The fumarate ester particles described herein (e.g., dimethyl fumarate or monomethyl fumarate, or prodrugs of monomethyl fumarate) may be generated by any particle size reduction or particle growth methodology known to one having ordinary skill the art. Exemplary and non-limiting methods may comprise a “top-down” reduction in particle size including mechanical micronization techniques, wherein a larger particle is crushed, bashed, or ground into a smaller particle through techniques, such as jet milling, ball milling, or high pressure homogenization; or particle engineering techniques such as cryogenic spraying or crystal engineering. In addition, “bottom-up” processing may be used to build a suitable size of particles as described herein using dual solvent/anti-solvent rapid precipitation techniques. See, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, CRC Press, 3rd Edition, 2010, which is incorporated by reference herein for teachings related to generating pharmaceutical particles. In one aspect described herein, fumarate ester particles of a specified size distribution are produce using a milling technique.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises liquid matrix fills for fumarate esters, such as dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, prodrugs thereof, or derivatives thereof, based on lipids or lipophilic vehicles or hydrophilic vehicles. Some of the described matrices have a hydrophobic (lipophilic) surface in contact with the hydrophilic soft capsule shell to minimize any potential shell-fill interactions, such as when soft capsules are filled with hydrophilic vehicles.

Described herein are methods for manufacturing liquid matrix fills comprising fumarate esters, such as dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, prodrugs thereof, or derivatives thereof, in a controlled release soft capsule in the form of a suspension, where part or all of the fumarate ester is suspended within the matrix. Also provided are compositions and formulations where the fumarate ester is incorporated into a one-phase or two-phase matrix.

Also described herein are methods for manufacturing liquid matrix fills comprising fumarate esters or derivatives thereof, in a delayed release soft capsule in the form of a suspension, where part or all of the fumarate ester is suspended within the matrix.

Described herein are methods for manufacturing liquid matrix fills comprising fumarate esters or derivatives thereof, in an extended release soft capsule in the form of a suspension, where part or all of the fumarate ester is suspended within the matrix.

Another embodiment described herein is a controlled, delayed, or extended release capsule having a shell and a matrix fill, wherein the matrix fill includes a lipid or lipophilic liquid vehicle comprising a suspension of solid particles of one or more fumarate esters such as dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, prodrugs thereof, or derivatives thereof. In another embodiment, the lipid or lipophilic vehicle comprises an oil, a vegetable oil, fatty acid, fatty acid ester, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the matrix fill is a single phase lipid or lipophilic liquid at room temperature and prevents sublimation of the fumarate ester. In another embodiment, the lipid or lipophilic liquid vehicle comprises one or more oils, mono/diglycerides, polyoxyl hydrogenated castor oils, polyvinylpyrrolidones, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the lipid or lipophilic liquid vehicle comprises an oil. In another embodiment, the lipid or lipophilic vehicle comprises mono/diglycerides, polyoxyl hydrogenated castor oils, polyvinylpyrrolidones, or a combination thereof.

Exemplary lipid or lipophilic vehicles comprise mineral oil; light mineral oil; natural oils (e.g., vegetable, corn, canola, sunflower, soybean, olive, coconut, cocoa, peanut, almond, cottonseed, persic, sesame, squalane, castor, cod liver) hydrogenated vegetable oil; partially hydrogenated oils; beeswax; polyethoxylated beeswax; paraffin; normal waxes; medium chain medium chain monoglycerides, diglycerides and triglycerides; higher aliphatic alcohols; higher aliphatic acids; long chain fatty acids; saturated or unsaturated fatty acids; hydrogenated fatty acids; fatty acid glycerides; polyoxyethylated oleic glycerides; monoglycerides and diglycerides; mono-, bi- or tri-substituted glycerides; glycerol mono-oleate esters; glycerol mono-caprate; glyceryl monocaprylate; propylene glycol dicaprylate; propylene glycol monolaurate; glyceryl palmitostearate; glyceryl behenate; diethyleneglycol palmitostearate; polyethyleneglycol stearate; polyoxyethyleneglycol palmitostearate; glyceryl mono palmitostearate; cetyl palmitate; polyethyleneglycol palmitostearate; dimethylpolysiloxane; mono- or di-glyceryl behenate; fatty alcohols associated with polyethoxylate fatty alcohols; cetyl alcohol; octyl dodecanol; myristyl alcohol; isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, stearic acid, or stearyl alcohol, inter alia, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the liquid matrix comprises solid particles of fumarate ester suspended in a lipid or lipophilic vehicle of vegetable oil, fatty acid, fatty acid ester, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the lipid or lipophilic vehicle is a liquid at room temperature (e.g., 25° C.) or physiological temperature (e.g., 37° C.). In one embodiment, the lipid or lipophilic vehicle is soybean oil. In another embodiment, the lipid or lipophilic vehicle comprises medium chain monoglycerides and diglycerides.

In one embodiment, the matrix comprises a solvent or solubility enhancing agent. Exemplary solvents or solubility enhancing agents useful for the matrix fills described herein include Capmul® MCM, Cremophor® RH 40, Captex® 355, Croscarmellose, Crospovidone, Crospovidone CL, Crospovidone CL-F, Crospovidone CL-M, Imwitor® 742, Kollidon® CL, Kollidon® CL-F, Kollidon® CL-M, Labrafac™ Lipophile WL 1349, Labrafil® M2125CS, Labrasol®, Lutrol® F 68, Maisine™ 35-1, mannitol, Miglyol® 812, Pearlitol® Flash, Peceol®, polyethylene glycol 400, polyethylene glycol 600, polyethylene glycol 3350, Plurol® Oleique CC 497, Povidone K 17, Povidone K 30, propylene glycol, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the lipid or lipophilic vehicle comprises medium chain mono- and diglycerides (e.g., Capmul® MCM) and polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil (e.g., macrogolglycerol hydroxystearate; Cremophor® RH 40).

In another embodiment, the matrix comprises a one or more hydrophilic solvents or suspension agents. The matrix can polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycols of molecular weight ranging from about 200 to about 8000 (MN, number average molecular weight), or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the matrix comprises polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (e.g., Povidone K30). In another embodiment, the matrix comprises polyethylene glycol 400 and poly polyvinylpyrrolidone K30.

In another embodiment, the matrix fill comprises a release regulator such as a fatty acid salt, fatty acid ester, or fatty acid polyoxyethylene derivative. The release regulator can also be a surfactant having a hydrophilic/lipophilic balance (HLB) value between about 2 and about 40. The HLB characteristic of surfactants can be determined in accordance with “Physical Pharmacy: Physical Chemical Principles in the Pharmaceutical Sciences,” Fourth Edition, pp. 371-373, A. Martin, Ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia (1993), which is incorporated by reference herein for such teachings.

In another embodiment, the matrix comprises emulsifying or solubilizing agents such as acacia, cholesterol, diethanolamine, glyceryl monostearate, lanolin alcohols, lecithin, mono- and di-glycerides, monoethanolamines, oleic acids, oleyl alcohols, poloxamer, polyoxyethylene 50 stearate, polyoxyl 35 castor oil, polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, polyoxyl 10 oleyl ether, polyoxyl 20 cetostearyl ether, polyoxyl 40 stearate, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, propylene glycol diacetate, propylene glycol monostearate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium stearate, sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan monostearate, stearic acid, trolamine, emulsifying wax, or combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, the matrix comprises a neutralizing agent. Without being bound to any theory, the neutralizing agent it thought to stabilize the fumarate ester in the matrix fill by preventing hydrolysis. In addition, without being bound by any theory, the neutralizing agent may stabilize soft capsule shells comprising enteric polymers such as acrylate methacrylate by forming salts with the methylacrylate moieties from the capsule shell. In one aspect, the neutralizing agent comprises an organic acid, ester, or salt. In another aspect, the neutralizing agent comprises at least one of lactate, fumarate, caprylate, caprate, oleate, maleate, succinate, tartrate, citrate, glutamate, gluconate, esters or salts thereof, or combinations thereof. In one aspect, the neutralizing agent is lactic acid.

In another embodiment, the matrix includes a hydrophilic internal phase and a lipid or lipophilic external phase. The hydrophilic internal phase can comprise polypropylene glycol or polyethylene glycol of molecular weight ranging from about 200 to about 8000 (MN, number average molecular weight). In another embodiment, the internal phase comprises hydroalcoholic solutions of cellulose derivatives, polyacrylates, polyvinyl polymers, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the internal phase comprises polymers such as methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, polymethylmethacrylate, or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). In one embodiment, the internal phase of the matrix state is “fluid” or “structured.” A “fluid” internal phase, as used herein, means a completely flowable liquid whose globules can aggregate to make a larger globule. A “structured” internal phase, as used herein, means a solid, semisolid, or a gel whose shape is relatively stable and does not usually aggregate to form a large globule. A structured internal phase can provide controlled drug release and stabilize the physical state of the matrix. Without being bound to any theory, the structured nature of the matrix impedes solvation or diffusion of the fumarate ester out of the matrix. In another embodiment, the external phase comprises a vegetable oil, hydrogenated vegetable oil, fatty acid, fatty acid ester, wax, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, fumarate ester is dispersed in the internal phase as a suspension form.

In another embodiment, the matrix fill is an emulsion type, where the fumarate ester is distributed in one or both of the external (lipophilic) and internal (hydrophilic) phases. The external phase of the emulsion matrix fill comprises lipid or lipophilic vehicles similar to those described herein. The fumarate ester can be dispersed in the internal phase as a solution or as a suspension. For example, one portion of the fumarate ester in the form of a powder is incorporated in the internal phase, while another portion is dispersed in the external phase as solid particles. An emulsion-type matrix may comprise a surfactant or combination of surfactants having HLB values ranging from about 2 to about 40, including all integers within the specified range. In one aspect, the HLB range comprises from about 8 to about 20, including all integers within the specified range.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition described herein comprises an enteric soft capsule comprising a matrix comprising a lipid or lipophilic vehicle that provides a suspension of a fumarate ester. In one embodiment described herein, the fumarate ester is an ester, mono-, or di-alkyl fumarate of Formula I:

wherein R₁ and R₂, which may be the same or different, independently represent hydrogen or a linear, branched, or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated C₁₋₂₀ alkyl radical, which may be optionally substituted with halogen (Cl, F, I, Br), hydroxy, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, nitro, or cyano for preparing a pharmaceutical composition as described herein.

The C₁₋₂₀ alkyl radicals, C₁₋₈ alkyl radicals, and C₄₋₅ alkyl radicals are, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, cyclopentyl, 2-ethyl hexyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, cycloheptyl, octyl, vinyl, allyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2 or 3-hydroxy propyl, 2-methoxyethyl, methoxy methyl or 2- or 3-methoxy propyl. In one aspect, at least one of R₁ or R₂ is a C₁₋₅ alkyl, especially methyl or ethyl. In another aspect, R₁ and R₂ are the same or different C₁₋₅ alkyl radicals such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, or t-butyl. In one aspect, R₁ and R₂ are the same or different C₁₋₅ alkyl radicals such as methyl and ethyl. In one aspect, R₁ and R₂ are identical and are methyl or ethyl. In one aspect, the fumarate ester is monomethyl fumarate, dimethyl fumarate, methyl ethyl fumarate, or diethyl fumarate. In one aspect, the fumarate ester is monomethyl fumarate, dimethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof. In one aspect, the fumarate ester is monomethyl fumarate. In another aspect, the fumarate ester is dimethyl fumarate.

In one embodiment, the fumarate ester is:

In one embodiment, the fumarate ester is:

In one embodiment, the fumarate ester is:

wherein R comprises any C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, any C₁₋₂₀ acid, any C₁₋₂₀ ether, any C₁₋₂₀ ester, any C₁₋₂₀ amino, any C₁₋₂₀ amide, or any C₁₋₂₀ heterocycle.

In another embodiment described herein, the fumarate ester is a prodrug of monomethyl fumarate. In one aspect the monomethyl fumarate prodrug is dimethyl fumarate. Exemplary monomethyl fumarate prodrugs are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,669,281 and 9,090,558 and U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. US 2014/0275048; US 2014/0275205; US 2014/0275250; US 2015/0190360; US 2014/057918; US 2014/348914; US 2014/350018; US 2014/056973; US 2014/0348915; and US 2015/0252013, each of which is incorporated by reference herein for such teachings. In one embodiment, the prodrug comprises one or more of N,N-diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl(2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; methyl [N-benzylcarbamoyl]methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; methyl 2-morpholin-4-yl-2-oxoethyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; (N-butylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl(2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; [N-(2-methoxyethyl)carbamoyl]methyl methyl(2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; methyl(N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2yl)carbamoyl)methyl(2E)but-2ene-1,4-dioate; (N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl(2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; (N-methoxy-N-methylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl(2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; bis-(2-methoxyethylamino)carbamoyl]methyl methyl(2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; [N-(methoxycarbonyl)carbamoyl]methyl methyl(2E)but-2ene-1,4-dioate; methyl 2-oxo-2-piperazinyl ethyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; methyl 2-oxo-2-(2-oxo(1,3-oxazolidin-3yl)ethyl (2E)but-2ene-1,4-dioate; {N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]carbamoyl}methyl methyl(2E)but-2ene-1,4-dioate; ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; methyl (methylethoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; (cyclohexyloxycarbonyloxy)ethyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; methyl (2-methylpropanoyloxy)ethyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; methyl phenylcarbonyloxyethyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; cyclohexylcarbonyloxybutyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; [(2E)-3-(methoxycarbonyl)prop-2-enoyloxy]ethyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; methyl 2-methyl-1-phenylcarbonyloxypropyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; (cyclohexyloxycarbonyloxy)ethyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; 3-({[(2E)-3-(methoxycarbonyl)prop-2-enoyloxy]methyl}oxycarbonyl)(3S)-3-aminopropanoic acid; 3-({[(2E)-3-(methoxycarbonyl)prop-2-enoyloxy]methyl}oxycarbonyl)(2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid; 3-({[(2E)-3-(methoxycarbonyl)prop-2-enoyloxy]methyl}oxycarbonyl)(3S)-3-(2-aminoacetylamino)propanoic acid; 3-({[(2E)-3-(methoxycarbonyl)prop-2-enoyloxy]methyl}oxycarbonyl)(2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid; 3-{[(2E)-3-(methoxycarbonyl)prop-2enoyloxy]ethoxycarbonyloxy}(2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid; methyl (2-morpholinoethyl)fumarate; methyl (3-morpholinopropyl)fumarate; methyl (4-morpholinobutyl)fumarate; methyl (5-morpholinopentyl)fumarate; methyl (6-morpholinohexyl)fumarate; (E)-2,2′-((2-(4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enoyl)oxy)ethyl)azanediyl)diacetic acid; methyl (2-(methyl(2-(methyl sulfonyl)ethyl)amino)ethyl)fumarate; 2-(dimethylamino)propyl methyl fumarate; (E)-2-((4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enoyl)oxy)-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium; 2-(4,4-difluoropiperidin-1-yl)ethyl methyl fumarate; 1-(dimethylamino)propan-2-yl methyl fumarate; methyl (2-thiomorpholinoethyl)fumarate; methyl (2-(phenylamino)ethyl)fumarate; 2-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl methyl fumarate; methyl (2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl)fumarate; 2-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)ethyl methyl fumarate; 2-(benzyl(methyl)amino)ethyl methyl fumarate; 2-(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl methyl fumarate; methyl (2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)fumarate; methyl (2-morpholinoethyl)fumarate; 2-(1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)ethyl methyl fumarate; methyl (2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)fumarate; 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methyl fumarate; 2-(diethylamino)ethyl methyl fumarate; or 2-(diethylamino)-2-oxoethyl methyl fumarate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In one embodiment, the prodrug is (N,N-diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate, or a salt thereof. In another embodiment, the prodrug is 2-(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl methyl fumarate, or a salt thereof.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein comprise pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the fumarate ester active pharmaceutical ingredient. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” of an active ingredient includes alkali metal salts such as, sodium or potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as, for example, calcium and magnesium salts, and salts with organic or inorganic acid such as, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, formic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, methanesulphonic acid, toluenesulphonic acid, inter alia. In another embodiment, the active ingredient may also be in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable uncharged or charged molecules, molecular complexes, solvates, or anhydrates thereof, and, if relevant, single isomers, enantiomers, racemic mixtures, or mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the active pharmaceutical ingredient may be in any of its crystalline, polymorphous, semi-crystalline, amorphous or polyamorphous forms, or mixtures thereof.

The fumarate esters described herein can be prepared by processes known in the art. See, e.g., EP 0 312 697 and U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. US 2013/0295169; US 2014/0179779; US 2014/0200363; and US 2014/0364604, each of which is incorporated by reference herein for such teachings.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises an active ingredient or drug. In one embodiment, the active ingredient or drug is a pharmacologically active fumarate ester. In one embodiment described herein, the active ingredient is a monoalkyl fumarate. In one embodiment described herein, the active ingredient is a dialkyl fumarate. In one embodiment described herein, the active ingredient is a fumarate ester or combination of fumarate esters. In one embodiment described herein, the active ingredient is dimethyl fumarate. In another embodiment described herein, the active ingredient is monomethyl fumarate (methyl hydrogen fumarate). In another embodiment described herein, the active ingredient is a combination of dimethyl fumarate and monomethyl fumarate. In another embodiment described herein, the active ingredient is a combination of dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, and other pharmacologically active fumarate esters, acids, salts, or derivatives thereof. In another embodiment, the active ingredient or drug comprises dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, other pharmacologically active fumarate esters, acids, or salts, derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the active ingredient comprises dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, or derivatives thereof, combined with aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxene, diclofenac, ketoprofen, celecoxib, other non-steroidal anti-inflamatory active drugs (NSAIDs), or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a fumarate ester combined with aspirin.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a fumarate ester combined with one or more leukotriene receptor antagonists. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a fumarate ester combined with montelukast (Singulair®) or zafirlukast)(Accolate®. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a fumarate ester combined with montelukast or zafirlukast and an NSAID. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a fumarate ester combined with montelukast or zafirlukast and aspirin.

In one embodiment, the fumarate ester-to-matrix fill ratio range (e.g., the ratio of the fumarate ester weight to the weight of the other components of the matrix fill or vehicle) comprises from about 1:50 to about 1:1 by weight, including all ratios within the specified range. In another embodiment, the fumarate ester-to-matrix ratio range comprises from about 1:10 to about 1:1 by weight, including all ratios within the specified range. In one aspect, the fumarate ester-to-matrix ratio comprises about 1:9 to about 1:1 by weight, including all ratios within the specified range. In another aspect, the fumarate ester-to-matrix ratio range comprises from about 1:5 to about 1:1 by weight, including all ratios within the specified range. In another aspect, the fumarate ester-to-matrix ratio range comprises from about 1:3 to about 1:1.4 by weight, including all ratios within the specified range. In another aspect, the fumarate ester-to-matrix ratio is about 1:5; about 1:4; about 1:3; about 1:2; about 1:1; or about 0.5:1. In other aspects, the fumarate ester-to-matrix ratio is 1:3.5; 1:3.1; 1:2.9; 1:2.3; 1:2.5; 1:1.92; 1:1.77; 1:1.5; 1:1.4; 1:1.35; 1:1.2, or about 1:1.2.

In one embodiment, the active ingredient comprises about 1% to about 70% of the matrix, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In another embodiment, the active ingredient comprises about 70%; about 60%; about 50%; about 40%; about 30%; about 20%; about 15%; about 10%; about 5%; about 2%; or about 1% of the matrix fill. In one aspect, the active ingredient comprises about 64% of the matrix. In another embodiment, the active ingredient comprises about 57% of the matrix. In another embodiment, the active ingredient comprises about 50% of the matrix. In another embodiment, the active ingredient comprises about 34% of the matrix. In another embodiment, the active ingredient comprises about 32% of the matrix. In another embodiment, the active ingredient comprises about 30% of the matrix. In another embodiment, the active ingredient comprises about 28% of the matrix. In another embodiment, the active ingredient comprises about 25% of the matrix.

In one embodiment, the lipid or lipophilic liquid vehicle, including soluble components other than the fumarate ester, comprises about 50% to about 88% of the matrix by weight, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In one embodiment the lipid or lipophilic liquid vehicle comprise about 60% of the matrix by weight.

In one embodiment, the solid fumarate ester particles are milled or micronized. In one embodiment, the fumarate ester comprises a particle size range of about 1 μm to about 500 μm, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In one aspect, the micronized solid fumarate ester particles have a particle size of about 1 μm, 2 μm, about 5 μm, about 10 μm, about 15 μm, about 20 μm, about 25 μm, about 30 μm, about 35 μm, about 40 μm, about 45 μm, about 50 μm, about 55 μm, about 60 μm, about 65 μm, about 70 μm, about 75 μm, about 80 μm, about 85 μm, about 90 μm, about 95 μm, about 100 μm, about 105 μm, about 110 μm, about 115 μm, about 120 μm, about 125 μm, about 130 μm, about 135 μm, about 140 μm, about 145 μm, about 150 μm, about 155 μm, about 160 μm, about 165 μm, about 170 μm, about 175 μm, about 180 μm, about 185 μm, about 190 μm, about 195 μm, about 200 μm, about 205 μm, about 210 μm, about 215 μm, about 220 μm, about 225 μm, about 230 μm, about 235 μm, about 240 μm, about 245 μm, about 250 μm, about 255 μm, about 260 μm, about 265 μm, about 270 μm, about 275 μm, about 280 μm, about 285 μm, about 290 μm, about 295 μm, about 300 μm, about 305 μm, about 310 μm, about 315 μm, about 320 μm, about 325 μm, about 330 μm, about 335 μm, about 340 μm, about 345 μm, about 350 μm, about 355 μm, about 360 μm, about 365 μm, about 370 μm, about 375 μm, about 380 μm, about 385 μm, about 390 μm, about 395 μm, about 400 μm, about 405 μm, about 410 μm, about 415 μm, about 420 μm, about 425 μm, about 430 μm, about 435 μm, about 440 μm, about 445 μm, about 450 μm, about 455 μm, about 460 μm, about 465 μm, about 470 μm, about 475 μm, about 480 μm, about 485 μm, about 490 μm, about 495 μm, about 500 or even larger. In another aspect, the solid particles of fumarate ester comprise a distribution of particle sizes, comprising particles of any of the foregoing particle sizes.

In another embodiment, the solid fumarate ester particles have mean particle size distributions (PSD) ranging from about 20 μm to about 300 including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In one aspect, the solid particles of fumarate ester comprise mean particle size distributions of about 20 μm, about 30 μm, about 40 μm, about 50 μm, about 60 about 70 μm, about 80 μm, about 90 μm, about 100 μm, about 120 μm, about 140 μm, about 160 about 180 μm, about 190 μm, about 200 μm, about 220 μm, about 240 μm, about 260 μm, about 280 μm or about 300 μm. In one aspect, the solid particles of fumarate ester have a mean particle size distribution of about 260 μm. In one aspect, the solid particles of fumarate ester have a mean particle size distribution of about 170 μm. In one aspect, the solid particles of fumarate ester have a mean particle size distribution of about 140 μm. In one aspect, the solid particles of fumarate ester have a mean particle size distribution of about 100 μm. In one aspect, the solid particles of fumarate ester have a mean particle size distribution of about 90 μm. In one aspect, the solid particles of fumarate ester have a mean particle size distribution of about 80 μm. In one aspect, the solid particles of fumarate ester have a mean particle size distribution of about 25 μm.

In another embodiment, the solid fumarate ester particles have a particle size distribution with a d90 of less than or equal to about 500 μm. In one aspect, the particle size distribution of solid particles of fumarate ester have a d90 of ≤ to about 20 μm, about 30 μm, about 40 μm, about about 60 μm, about 70 μm, about 80 μm, about 90 μm, about 100 μm, about 120 μm, about 140 μm, about 160 μm, about 180 μm, about 190 μm, about 200 μm, about 220 μm, about 240 about 260 μm, about 280 μm, about 300 or about 400 μm. In one aspect, the solid particles of fumarate ester have a particle size distribution with a d90 of ≤ about 260 μm (d90≤260 μm). In one aspect, the solid particles of fumarate ester have a particle size distribution with a d90 of ≤ about 170 μm (d90≤170 μm). In one aspect, the solid particles of fumarate ester have a particle size distribution with a d90 of ≤ about 140 μm (d90≤140 μm). In one aspect, the solid particles of fumarate ester have a particle size distribution with a d90 of ≤ about 100 μm (d90≤100 μm). In one aspect, the solid particles of fumarate ester have a particle size distribution with a d90 of ≤ about 90 μm (d90≤90 μm). In one aspect, the solid particles of fumarate ester have a particle size distribution with a d90 of ≤ about 80 μm (d90≤80 μm). In one aspect, the solid particles of fumarate ester have a particle size distribution with a d90 of ≤ about 25 μm (d90≤25 μm).

In another embodiment, the solid fumarate ester particles have a mean particle size distribution comprising a range of particle sizes with a d10 of ≤10 μm and a d90 of ≤500 μm. In one aspect, the solid particles of fumarate ester have a particle size distribution with a d10 of ≤ to about 10 μm and a d90 of ≤ to about 400 μm, a d10 of ≤ to about 10 μm and a d90 of ≤ to about 300 μm, a d10 of ≤ to about 10 μm and a d90 of ≤ to about 250 μm, a d10 of ≤ to about 10 μm and a d90 of ≤ to about 200 μm, a d10 of ≤ to about 10 μm and a d90 of ≤ to about 150 μm, a d10 of ≤ to about 10 μm and a d90 of ≤ to about 100 μm. In one aspect, the solid particles of fumarate ester have a particle size distribution with a d10 of ≤ to about 10 μm and a d90 of ≤ to about 100 μm, a d10 of ≤ to about 20 μm and a d90 of ≤ to about 100 μm, a d10 of ≤ to about 30 μm and a d90 of ≤ to about 100 μm, a d10 of ≤ to about 40 μm and a d90 of ≤ to about 100 μm, a d10 of ≤ to about 50 μm and a d90 of ≤ to about 100 μm, a d10 of ≤ to about 60 μm and a d90 of ≤ to about 100 μm, a d10 of ≤ to about 70 μm and a d90 of ≤ to about 100 μm, a d10 of ≤ to about 80 μm and a d90 of ≤ to about 100 μm.

In another embodiment, the solid particles of fumarate ester comprise multiple distributions of particle sizes. In one aspect, the solid particles of fumarate ester may comprise a plurality of independently combined mean particle size distributions, wherein each independent mean particle size distribution ranges from about 20 μm to about 300 μm, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In another aspect, the plurality of mean particle size distributions can comprise a mean particle size distribution of about 261 μm, a mean particle size distribution of about 168 μm, a mean particle size distribution of about 148 μm, a mean particle size distribution of about 100 μm, a mean particle size distribution of about 90 μm, a mean particle size distribution of about 80 μm, or a mean particle size distribution of about 26 μm. In another aspect, the plurality of mean particle size distributions can comprise combinations of independent mean particle size distributions, wherein each independently combined mean particle size distribution is about 261 μm, about 168 μm, about 148 μm, about 100 μm; about 90 μm, about 80 μm, or about 26 μm. In another aspect, the solid particles of fumarate ester comprise a combination of independently combined mean particle size distributions of about 30 μm to about 260 μm in a single matrix fill. Any of the foregoing particle size distributions may be combined to provide the desired controlled release profile.

The forgoing sizes of fumarate ester particles may be determined using standard techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art. The exemplary techniques that can be used for measuring the size of fumarate ester particles may include laser diffraction analysis, light scattering (e.g., dynamic light scattering), microscopic particle image analysis, elutriation, or aerosol mass spectrometry. The sample of fumarate ester particles may be measured as a dry sample or a wet sample. Any commercially available instrument for measuring particle sizes may be used, including instruments from Cilas; Brookhaven Instruments Corporation; Malvern Instruments; Horiba Scientific; or Wyatt following the recommended operating procedures according to the manufacturer's instructions.

The measured particle sizes using the techniques described herein may be expressed as a derived diameter with a normal distribution or non-normal distribution with a mean, median (e.g., mass median diameter), and mode of particle diameter sizes. The particle size distribution may be expressed as a diameter number distribution, a surface area distribution, or a particle volume distribution. The mean of the particle size distribution may be calculated and expressed in various ways, such as the volume mean diameter (D[4,3] or d₄₃), mean surface area diameter (D[3,2] or d₃₂) or the mean number particle diameter (D[1,0] or d₁₀). Because the particle size distribution values vary depending on the measurement methodology and how the distribution is expressed, the comparison of different mean particle size distributions must be calculated by the same methodology in order to yield an accurate comparison. For example, a sample with a measured and calculated volume mean diameter must be compared with a second sample having a measured and calculated volume mean diameter, ideally measured using the same measuring instrument under the same conditions. Thus, the specific particle size distributions described herein are not intended to be limited to any one type of method for measuring or calculating a particle size distribution (e.g., a diameter number distribution, a surface area distribution, or a particle volume distribution), but rather indicate particle size values and distributions thereof for each method of measuring particle sizes described herein.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for manufacturing a fill for a controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprising particles of fumarate esters such as dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, or combinations thereof of defined sizes. In one aspect, the particles are of a similar size distribution. In another aspect, the fumarate ester particles comprise varied size distributions. In another aspect, the fumarate ester particles comprise several size distributions. In another aspect, the fumarate ester particles comprise a mixture of smaller and larger size distributions. Without being bound to any theory, smaller particles are generally solubilized and released more rapidly than larger particles. The release rate can be adjusted to achieve a specific therapeutic window over a defined period and produce controlled release, delayed release, or extended release compositions by combining multiple fumarate ester particle sizes or size distributions.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for manufacturing a pharmaceutical composition comprising fumarate ester(s) where the fumarate ester does not sublime during processing, manufacturing, after production, or during storage. Soft capsules comprising fumarate ester in the matrix fills described herein are stable for months or years. Without being bound to any theory, it is believed that suspending solid fumarate ester in a lipid or lipophilic vehicle prevents or retards sublimation and stabilizes the fumarate ester. In one aspect, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are stable at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity (RH) for about 1 month, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, about 9 months, about 10 months, about 11 months, about 12 months, about 18 months, about 24 months, or even longer. In another aspect, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are stable for at least 1 year, or longer at 25° C. and 60% RH. In another aspect, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are stable for at least 2 years, or longer at 25° C. and 60% RH.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for preparing a pharmaceutical matrix comprising a fumarate ester. An exemplary scheme of a manufacturing process is shown in FIG. 1. The method comprises applying heat to the matrix components during mixing or prior to mixing at about the melting point of the matrix fill composition; and then mixing the fumarate ester with the lipid or lipophilic matrix ingredients using mechanical or ultrasonic forces to form the matrix fill. The matrix fill is flowable such that it can be encapsulated using a rotary die encapsulation machine. In one embodiment, the matrix components are heated to a temperature in the range of from about 25° C. to about 70° C. In another embodiment, the matrix components are heated to a temperature in the range of from about 25° C. to about 30° C.

In one embodiment, the matrix comprises a lipid or lipophilic vehicle, solid particles of one or more fumarate esters, an optional neutralizing agent, and optional pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In another aspect, the matrix comprises oils, polyvinylpyrrolidones, and surfactants. In one aspect, the surfactant comprises polysorbate 80 or polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil. In another aspect, the matrix comprises, a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and solid particles of one or more fumarate esters. In another aspect, the matrix comprises one or more oils, and solid particles of one or more fumarate esters. In another aspect, the solid particles of one or more fumarate esters are soluble in the matrix fill.

In one embodiment, the matrix comprises the composition shown in Table 1 including all possible iterations of the specified ranges that provide 100% total weight percentage.

TABLE 1 Exemplary Matrix Fill Composition Ingredient mg/capsule % weight Fumarate Ester (PSD: d90 ≤ 100 μm) 200-215 32-35 Lipid or lipophilic vehicle 370-425 60-70 Excipients  0-50 0-8 TOTAL 625 mg 100%

In one embodiment, the matrix comprises about 29% by weight of fumarate ester (PSD: d90≤100 μm); about 50% by weight of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; at least about 1-15% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone; at least about 2-10% by weight of polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and at least about 0-5% by weight of lactic acid, including all iterations of the specified ranges. In one aspect, the composition prevents sublimation of the FAE during processing and manufacturing. In one aspect, the composition reduces the onset of symptoms of gastrointestinal side effects. In another aspect, the composition is stable for at least 6 months at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity. In one aspect, the composition is stable for at least 24 months.

In one embodiment, the composition comprises one of those shown in Table 2 including all possible iterations of the specified ranges that provide 100% total weight percentage.

TABLE 2 Exemplary Matrix Fill Compositions Ingredient mg/capsule % weight Fumarate ester PSD: d90 ≤ 100 μm 200-215 32-35 Mono- and di-glycerides 125-315 20-50 Polyvinyl pyrrolidone  5-32 0.75-5   Polyoxyl 40 Hydrogenated castor oil 12.5-75   2-12 Lactic acid  0-32 0-5 TOTAL 625 100% Fumarate ester PSD: d90 ≤ 100 μm 200-215 32-35 Soybean oil 410-425 65-70 TOTAL 625 100%

In another embodiment, the matrix fill comprises about 32% to 35% of fumarate ester (PSD: d90≤100 μm); about 20% to about 50% of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides; at least about 0.75-5% polyvinylpyrrolidone; at least about 2-12% polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil; and at least about 0-5% lactic acid, including each integer within each of the specified ranges. In one embodiment, the lactic acid is optional. In another embodiment, the matrix fill comprises about 32% to 35% of fumarate ester (PSD: d90≤100 μm) and about 65% to about 70% of soybean oil, including each integer within each of the specified ranges. In another embodiment, the lactic acid is optionally added to the soybean oil matrix. In one aspect, the composition prevents sublimation of the FAE during processing and manufacturing. In another aspect, the composition reduces the onset of symptoms of any gastrointestinal side effects. In another aspect, the composition is stable for at least 6 months at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity. In another aspect, the composition is stable for at least 24 months at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity. In another aspect, the composition is liquid at room temperature.

In one embodiment, the fumarate ester pharmaceutical composition comprises a capsule dosage form. In one embodiment, the fumarate ester pharmaceutical composition comprises a soft capsule encapsulating a matrix fill comprising a liquid lipid or lipophilic fill comprising one or more fumarate esters.

In one embodiment described herein, the soft capsule shell has the composition of Table 3, including all possible iterations of the specified ranges that provide 100% for the total weight percentage, including or excluding optional colorings, opacifiers, flavorings, or other excipients.

TABLE 3 Exemplary Soft Gelatin Capsule Composition Weight Component Exemplary Component Percentage (%) Film-forming polymer Gelatin, 150-200 Bloom 20-48 Plasticizer Glycerol, sorbitol 10-30 Solvent Water 20-70 Opacifier (optional) Titanium dioxide  0-1.5 Coloring agent (optional) Various  0-0.1 Excipients (optional) Various 0-5 TOTAL 100%

Film-former polymers that are useful for creating soft capsules are gelatin, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) or carrageenan (e.g., iota carrageenan and kappa carrageenan). In one embodiment described herein, the film-forming polymer is gelatin.

Examples of gelatin compositions that are useful for creating soft capsule shells as described herein comprise acid bone gelatin, pig skin gelatin, chicken skin gelatin, fish gelatin, acid hide gelatin, gelatin hydrolysate, lime bone gelatin, or combinations thereof. Gelatins that are useful for creating soft capsules described herein can be classified as either Type A or Type B gelatin. Type A gelatin is derived from the acid hydrolysis of collagen (e.g., acid bone gelatin or pig skin gelatin), while Type B gelatin (e.g., lime bone gelatin) is derived from the alkaline hydrolysis of collagen. Traditionally, bovine bones and skins are used as raw materials for manufacturing Type A and Type B gelatin, while porcine skins are used extensively for manufacturing Type A gelatin. In addition, at neutral pH values, Type A gelatins (acid processed gelatins) are typically net cationic (e.g., isoelectric point of about 7-9) and Type B gelatins (alkali processed gelatins) are typically net anionic (e.g., isoelectric point of about 4.5-5.3). Type A gelatin typically has higher plasticity and elasticity than type B gelatin; type B gelatin typically has higher gel strength than type A gelatin.

The strength of gelatin compositions is typically defined by their Bloom strength or grade. The Bloom test determines the weight (in grams) needed by a 0.5-inch diameter probe to deflect the surface of a gel 4 mm without breaking it. The result is expressed as “Bloom” or “Bloom strength.” The soft capsules described herein utilize gelatins with Bloom strengths in the range of about 20 Bloom to about 400 Bloom, including each integer within the specified range. In one embodiment, Bloom strengths for soft capsules described herein are about 50 Bloom to about 250 Bloom including each integer within the specified range. In some embodiments, the gelatin Bloom strength is about 50 Bloom, about 80 Bloom, about 100 Bloom, about 120 Bloom, about 150 Bloom, about 180 Bloom, about 200 Bloom, or about 250 Bloom. In one embodiment, the gelatin Bloom strength is 100 Bloom. In another embodiment, the gelatin Bloom strength is 150 Bloom. In another embodiment, the gelatin Bloom strength is 195 Bloom. In another embodiment, the gelatin Bloom strength is 200 Bloom.

Plasticizers that are useful for creating soft capsules as described herein are glycerol, sorbitol, partially dehydrated sorbitol (a blend of D-sorbitol, 1,4-sorbitan, mannitol, and water; e.g., Sorbitol Special® (SPI Pharma); Anidrisorb® or Polysorb®, (Roquette)), maltitol (hydrogenated corn syrup; e.g., Lycasin®, Roquette), corn syrup, xylitol, mannitol, propylene glycol, low molecular weight polyethylene glycols, poly-alcohols with 3 to 6 carbon atoms, or a combination thereof. Plasticizers typically comprise about 10-30% of the total wet mass of a shell, including each integer within the specified range. The weight ratio between the film-forming polymer, plasticizer, and solvent is adjusted so that the gel mass is flowable and not too viscous, and can be made into soft capsules using rotary die encapsulation methods.

In one embodiment described herein, the soft capsule shell has the exemplary composition shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Exemplary Soft Capsule Shell Composition Percent Component weight (%) Film forming polymer (e.g., gelatin) 20-50 Plasticizer (e.g., glycerol, sorbitol, 15-30 combinations thereof) Solvent (e.g., water) q.s. (e.g., 20-40%) TOTAL 100% Final pH ~4-7   Ratio total plasticizer to gelatin 20:43 (0.46:1) Water content in dried soft capsule shell:     8-15%

In one embodiment, the weight percentage range of film-forming polymer of the soft capsule described herein is about 20% to about 50%, including all integers within the specified range. In one aspect, the film-forming polymer weight percentage is about 38%. In another aspect, the film-forming 1 polymer weight percentage is about 42%. In another aspect, the film-forming polymer weight percentage is about 44%.

In one embodiment, the weight percentage range of plasticizer is about 15% to about 30%, including all iterations of integers with the specified range. In one aspect, the plasticizer weight percentage is about 24%. In another aspect, the plasticizer weight percentage is about 22%. In another aspect, the plasticizer weight percentage is about 20%.

In one embodiment, the solvent comprises about 20% to about 40% of the soft capsule composition, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In one embodiment, the solvent is water. The quantity of water in the composition varies depending on the quantities of the other ingredients. For example, the quantity of plasticizer, opacifier, colorant, flavoring, or other excipients can change the percentage of water present in the composition. In one embodiment, the weight percentage of water is as much as suffices to bring the total weight percentage to 100% (i.e., quantum sufficiat; q.s.). In another embodiment, the water comprises about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, or about 40% of the enteric soft capsule composition. In another embodiment, water comprises about 30% to about 40% of the enteric soft capsule composition. In one embodiment, water comprises about 34% of the composition.

In one embodiment, the final moisture (water) content of the soft capsule after manufacturing and drying is from about 8% to about 15%, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In another embodiment, the moisture content is about 8% to about 12%, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In one aspect, the final moisture content is about 12%. In one aspect, the final moisture content is about 11%. In one aspect, the final moisture content is about 10%. In one aspect, the final moisture content is about 9%. In another aspect, the final moisture content is about 8%.

In one embodiment, the weight percentage ratio range of plasticizer to film-forming polymer is about 0.33:1 to about 0.56:1, including all iterations of iterations of ratios with the specified range. In one embodiment, the weight percentage ratio range of plasticizer to film-forming polymer is about 0.38:1. In one embodiment, the weight percentage ratio range of plasticizer to film-forming polymer is about 0.42:1. In one embodiment, the weight percentage ratio range of plasticizer to film-forming polymer is about 0.46:1. In one embodiment, the weight percentage ratio range of plasticizer to film-forming polymer is about 0.52:1.

In one embodiment described herein, the soft capsule comprises about 42% of at least one film-forming polymer; about 24% of at least one plasticizer; and about 34% water.

In another embodiment, the soft capsule shell has the exemplary composition shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Exemplary Soft Capsule Shell Composition Percent Component weight (%) Gelatin, 150 Bloom, Lime Bone 42 Sorbitol (e.g., Polysorb ® 85/70/00; Roquette) 24 Water 34 TOTAL 100%

In another embodiment, the soft gel capsule shell has the exemplary composition shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Exemplary Soft Gel Capsule Shell Composition Percent Component weight (%) Gelatin, 195 Bloom, Lime Bone 42 Sorbitol (e.g., Polysorb ® 85/70/00; Roquette) 24 Water 34 TOTAL 100%

In one aspect, soft capsules are made using a rotary die apparatus as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,459,983; 5,146,730; and 6,482,516, each of which are incorporated by reference herein for such teachings.

Another embodiment described herein includes a process of manufacturing soft capsules comprising any of the pharmaceutical composition as described herein. The process includes preparing a gel mass composition comprising a film-forming, water-soluble polymer, an appropriate plasticizer, and solvent; casting the gel mass into films or ribbons using heat-controlled drums or surfaces; and manufacturing a soft capsule comprising a matrix fill using rotary die technology. The thickness of the films or ribbons that form the soft capsule shell is from about 0.010 inches (≈0.254 mm) to about 0.050 inches (≈1.27 mm), including all integers within the specified range. The shell thickness can be about 0.010 inch (≈0.254 mm), about 0.015 inch mm), about 0.02 in (≈0.508 mm), about 0.03 in (≈0.762 mm), about 0.04 in mm), or about 0.05 in (≈1.27 mm). In one embodiment, the thickness is about 0.02 inches (≈0.508 mm) to about 0.040 inches (≈1.02 mm). In one embodiment, the shell thickness is about 0.028 inches mm). In another embodiment, the shell thickness is about 0.033 inches (≈0.838 mm). In another embodiment, the shell thickness is about 0.038 inches (≈0.965 mm). In another embodiment, the shell thickness is about 0.035 inches (≈0.889 mm). In another embodiment, the shell thickness is about 0.038 inches (≈0.965 mm). In another embodiment, the shell thickness is about 0.040 inches (≈1.02 mm).

In one embodiment described herein, the soft capsule shell described herein, encapsulates a matrix fill as described herein. In another embodiment described herein, the soft capsule shell and encapsulated matrix fill comprises an outer dimension from about 2 oval to about 30 oval including all iterations of capsule size within the specified range (e.g., 2 oval, 3 oval, 4 oval, 5 oval, 6 oval, 7 oval, 8 oval, 10 oval, 12 oval, 16 oval, 20, or 30 oval). In another embodiment described herein, the soft capsule shell and encapsulated matrix fill comprises an outer dimension from about 2 round to about 28 round including all iterations of capsule size within the specified range (e.g., 2 round, 3 round, 4 round, 5 round, 6 round, 7 round, 8 round, 10 round, 12 round, 16 round, 20 round or 28 round). In another embodiment described herein, the soft capsule shell and encapsulated matrix fill comprises an outer dimension from about 2 oblong to about 22 oblong including all iterations of capsule size within the specified range (e.g., 2 oblong, 3 oblong, 4 oblong, 5 oblong, 6 oblong, 7 oblong, 8 oblong, 10 oblong, 11, oblong, 12 oblong, 14 oblong, 16 oblong, 20 oblong, or 22 oblong). Dimension specifications of soft capsules and tablets are known to those skilled in the art. See Remington's Essentials of Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Press Publishing Company, London, UK, 1^(st) Edition, 2013, which is incorporated by reference herein for such teachings.

In another embodiment, the fumarate ester pharmaceutical composition can comprise an enteric soft capsule shell comprising a matrix comprising a fumarate ester. Enteric soft capsules, e.g., soft capsules having enteric polymers integrated into the capsule shell, are described in International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2004/030658; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2006/0165778; and U.S. Pat. No. 8,685,445, each of which is incorporated by reference herein for such teachings. The enteric soft capsule shell may comprise one or more film forming polymers, one or more enteric acid-insoluble polymers, one or more plasticizers, one or more alkali-neutralizing agents, one or more solvents, optionally one or more colorants, and optionally one or more flavorings or other conventionally accepted pharmaceutical excipients or additives.

Film-forming polymers that are useful for creating enteric soft capsules are gelatin or hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC). In one aspect of the enteric soft capsule shell described herein, the film-forming polymer is gelatin.

Examples of enteric, acid-insoluble polymers are acrylic and methacrylate acid copolymers, cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), cellulose acetate butyrate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP), algenic acid salts such as sodium or potassium alginate, or shellac. Poly(methacylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate) anionic copolymers based on methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate are particularly stable and are preferred in some embodiments. Poly(meth)acrylates (methacrylic acid copolymer), available under the trade name EUDRAGIT® (Evonik Industries AG, Essen, Germany), are provided as powder or aqueous dispersions. In another aspect, the methacrylic acid copolymer comprises EUDRAGIT® L 30 D-55; EUDRAGIT® L 100-55; EUDRAGIT® L 100; EUDRAGIT® L 12.5; EUDRAGIT® S 100; EUDRAGIT® S 12.5; EUDRAGIT® FS 30 D; EUDRAGIT® E 100; EUDRAGIT® E 12.5; EUDRAGIT® E PO; EUDRAGIT® RL 100; EUDRAGIT® RL PO; EUDRAGIT® RL 30 D; EUDRAGIT® RL 12.5; EUDRAGIT® RS 100; EUDRAGIT® RS PO; EUDRAGIT® RS 30 D; EUDRAGIT® RS 12.5; EUDRAGIT® NE 30 D; EUDRAGIT® NE 40 D; EUDRAGIT® NM 30 D; other poly(meth)acrylate polymers; or a mixture thereof. In one aspect, the enteric polymer is EUDRAGIT® L 100, a methacrylic acid copolymer, Type A. Acid-insoluble polymer specifications are detailed in the United States Pharmacopoeia and in various monographs.

In another embodiment described herein, the enteric polymer in the enteric soft capsule shell comprises poly(methacylic acid-co-ethyl acrylate) 1:1 (e.g., EUDRAGIT® L 100-55). In one embodiment described herein, the enteric polymer comprises poly(ethyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) 2:1 (e.g., EUDRAGIT® NE 40 D). In another embodiment described herein, the enteric polymer comprises poly(methyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) 7:3:1 (e.g., EUDRAGIT® FS 30 D). In another embodiment described herein, the enteric polymer comprises a combination of poly(methacylic acid-co-ethyl acrylate) 1:1 and poly(methyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) 7:3:1. In another embodiment, the enteric polymer comprises a combination of poly(methacylic acid-co-ethyl acrylate) 1:1 and poly(ethyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) 2:1. In another embodiment, the enteric polymer comprises a combination of poly(methacylic acid-co-ethyl acrylate) 1:1, poly(ethyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) 2:1, and poly(methyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) 7:3:1.

In another embodiment, plasticizers that are useful for creating enteric soft capsules as described herein are glycerol, sorbitol, Sorbitol Special®, maltitol, corn syrup, propylene glycol, poly-alcohols with 3 to 6 carbon atoms, polyethylene glycol, citric acid, citric acid esters, such as tri-ethyl citrate, or combinations thereof. The weight ratio between the film-forming polymer, the enteric acid-insoluble polymer, and plasticizer is adjusted so that the gel mass is flowable and not too viscous, and can be made into soft capsules using rotary die encapsulation methods.

In one embodiment, enteric soft capsule shell compositions are made by dissolving the enteric acid-insoluble polymer in an aqueous solution of an alkali-neutralizing agent such as ammonia, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or liquid amines such as tri-ethanol amine or ethylene diamine. The amount of alkali is adjusted to give a final pH value of the gel mass less than or equal to about pH 9.0. In one embodiment, the final pH does not exceed 8.5. The volatile alkali-neutralizing agent, ammonia is preferred. The film-forming polymer can then be combined with the plasticizer and solvent and then blended with the acid-insoluble gel to make a final homogeneous mix in a heat-controlled vessel with degassing by vacuum. The fugitive ammonia evaporates during degassing. Using the foregoing process, the alkali concentrations do not require heating or neutralizing with acid in order to neutralize the gel mass.

In another embodiment described herein, the enteric soft capsule shell is made using an aqueous dispersion of the acid-insoluble polymer by adding an alkali-neutralizing agent such as ammonium, sodium, or potassium hydroxides, other alkalis, or a combination thereof that will cause the enteric acid-insoluble polymer to dissolve. The plasticizer-wetted, film-forming polymer can then be mixed with the solution of the acid-insoluble polymer. In one embodiment, enteric acid-insoluble polymers in the form of salts of the bases or alkalis as described herein are dissolved directly in water and mixed with the plasticizer-wetted, film-forming polymer.

In one embodiment described herein, enteric acid-insoluble polymers in the form of salts of the bases or alkalis described herein are dissolved directly in water and mixed with the plasticizer-wetted, film-forming polymer. In another embodiment described herein, an aqueous dispersion of the acid-insoluble polymer or polymers is used, which obviates the need for the addition of the alkali-neutralizing agent described herein.

In one embodiment, the enteric soft capsule shell has the composition of Table 7, including all possible iterations of the specified ranges that provide 100% for the total weight percentage, including or excluding the optional, excipients, opacifiers, colorants, and flavorings.

TABLE 7 Enteric Soft Capsule Shell Composition Composition Component Exemplary Component Range (%) Film-forming polymer Gelatin 20-36 Enteric, acid-insoluble Methacrylic Acid Copolymer  8-20 polymer Plasticizer Glycerol, sorbitol, Triethyl 15-22 citrate Alkali-neutralizing agents NH₄OH (30%), NaOH 1-5 Solvent Water 20-40 Opacifier (optional) Titanium Dioxide   0-7.5 Colorant (optional) Various 0-1 Flavoring (optional) Various 0-2 Excipients (optional) Various 0-5

In one embodiment, the enteric soft capsule shell comprises a composition of about 30% film forming polymer; about 10% enteric, acid-insoluble polymer; about 20% plasticizer; about 1% alkali-neutralizing agent; and about 37% solvent.

In another embodiment, the weight percentage range of total polymer content (i.e., film forming polymer and enteric acid-insoluble polymer) of the enteric soft capsule described herein is about 30% to about 45%, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In one aspect, the total polymer weight percentage is about 40%. In another aspect, the total polymer weight percentage is about 42%. In another aspect, the total polymer weight percentage is about 45%. In another aspect, the total polymer weight percentage is about 38%.

In one embodiment, the weight percentage range of total plasticizer is about 15% to about 22%, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In one aspect, the total plasticizer weight percentage is about 19%. In another aspect, the total plasticizer weight percentage is about 17.7%. In another aspect, the total plasticizer weight percentage is about 18.9%. In another aspect, the total plasticizer weight percentage is about 19.3%.

In one embodiment, the alkali-neutralizing agent is ammonia (ammonium hydroxide; 30% w/v) that is added to comprise a weight percentage of about 1% to about 5% of the total enteric soft capsule composition. In one aspect, 30% w/v ammonia is added to comprise a weight percentage of about 2%. In another aspect, 30% w/v ammonia is added to comprise a weight percentage of about 1.7%. In one aspect, ammonia is added to provide a final pH of about 9 in the enteric soft capsule composition. In another aspect, ammonia is added to provide a final pH of about 8.5 in the enteric soft capsule composition. In another aspect, after the capsules are filled and dried, the ammonia concentration is substantially reduced, owing to the fugitive nature of the volatile alkali-neutralizing agent. In another aspect, practically all of the ammonia is evaporated except for ammonium ions comprising salts with other moieties in the composition.

In one embodiment, the weight ratio range of film forming polymer to enteric acid-insoluble polymer (i.e., film forming:enteric) is about 25:75 (≈0.33) to about 40:60 (≈0.67) (i.e., 0.33-0.67), including all ratios within the specified range. In one aspect, the ratio of film forming polymer to enteric acid-insoluble polymer is about 30:70 (≈0.43). In another aspect, the ratio of film forming polymer to enteric acid-insoluble polymer is about 28:72 (≈0.38).

In one embodiment, the weight ratio of total plasticizer to film forming polymer is about 20:40 to 21:30 (i.e., 0.5-0.7), including all ratios within the specified range. In one aspect, the weight ratio of total plasticizer to film forming polymer is about 20:40 (≈0.5). In another aspect, the weight ratio of total plasticizer to film forming polymer is about 21:30 (≈0.7). In another aspect, the weight ratio of total plasticizer to film forming polymer is about 19:29 (≈0.65). In another aspect, the weight ratio of total plasticizer to film forming polymer is about 19.3:29.2 (≈0.66).

In one embodiment, the weight ratio of total plasticizer to enteric acid-insoluble polymer is about 1:1 to about 2:1 (≈1-2), including all ratios within the specified range. In one aspect, the weight ratio of total plasticizer to enteric acid-insoluble polymer is about 11:10 (≈1.1). In another aspect, the weight ratio of total plasticizer to enteric acid-insoluble polymer is about 14:10 (≈1.4). In another aspect, the weight ratio of total plasticizer to enteric acid-insoluble polymer is about 17:10 (≈1.7). In another aspect, the weight ratio of total plasticizer to enteric acid-insoluble polymer is about 20:10 (≈2). In another aspect, the weight ratio of total plasticizer to enteric acid-insoluble polymer is about 19.3:11.2 (≈1.73).

In one embodiment, the weight ratio range of total plasticizer to total polymer (film forming and enteric acid-insoluble polymer) is about 18:45 to about 20:40 (i.e., ≈0.40-0.5), including all ratios within the specified range. In one aspect, the weight ratio range of total plasticizer to total polymer is about 18:45 (≈0.40). In another aspect, the weight ratio range of total plasticizer to total polymer is about 19:40 (≈0.475). In another aspect, the weight ratio range of total plasticizer to total polymer is about 20:40 (≈0.5). In another aspect, the weight ratio range of total plasticizer to total polymer is about 19.3:40.4 (≈0.477).

In one embodiment, the solvent comprises about 20% to about 40% of the enteric soft capsule composition, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In one embodiment, the solvent is water. The quantity of water in the composition varies depending on the quantities of the other ingredients. For example, the quantity of opacifier, colorant, flavoring, or other excipients can change the percentage of water present in the composition. In one embodiment, the weight percentage of water is as much as suffices to bring the total weight percentage to 100% (i.e., quantum sufficiat; q.s.). In another embodiment, the water comprises about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, or about 40% of the enteric soft capsule composition. In another embodiment, water comprises about 35% to about 40% of the enteric soft capsule composition. In one embodiment, water comprises about 37% of the composition.

In one embodiment, the final moisture (water) content of the enteric soft capsule is from about 8% to about 15%, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In another embodiment, the moisture content is about 8% to about 12%, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In one aspect, the final moisture content is about 8%. In one aspect, the final moisture content is about 9%. In one aspect, the final moisture content is about 10%. In one aspect, the final moisture content is about 11%. In another aspect, the final moisture content is about 12%.

In one embodiment, the enteric soft capsule shell has the exemplary composition shown in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Exemplary Enteric Soft Capsule Shell Composition Percent Component weight (%) Gelatin 29.2 Methacrylic Acid Copolymer (EUDRAGIT ® L 100) 11.2 Glycerol or Sorbitol 18.0 Triethyl citrate 1.3 Ammonium hydroxide 1.7 Titanium dioxide 1.5 Water 37.1 TOTAL  100% Final pH 8.5-9.0 Total polymer % weight (gelatin + enteric) 40.4% Gelatin % wt of total polymer (gelatin + enteric) 72.4% Enteric % wt of total polymer (gelatin + enteric) 27.6% Ratio of Enteric to Gelatin 11.2:29.2 (0.38) Total plasticizer % weight (glycerol + triethyl citrate) 19.3% Ratio of total plasticizer to total polymer 19.3:40.4 (0.48) Ratio total plasticizer to gelatin 19.3:29.2 (0.66) Ratio total plasticizer to enteric 19.3:11.2 (1.73) Water content in dried enteric soft capsule: 8-15%

In one embodiment, the enteric soft capsule shell comprises about 30% gelatin; about 10% poly(methyl) acrylate copolymer; about 18% glycerol; about 1% triethyl citrate; about 1.5% ammonia; about 37% water; and about 1.5% titanium dioxide.

In another embodiment, the enteric soft capsule is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/744,057, which is incorporated by reference herein for such teachings.

One embodiment described herein provides an enteric acid-insoluble polymer dispersed within the film-forming polymer gel mass that provides the total soft gel composition with enteric acid-insoluble properties, at relatively low concentrations of the enteric acid-insoluble polymer (e.g., from about 8% to about 20% of the total wet gel mass composition) and without the need of excessive amounts of alkali, thus avoiding denaturation or degradation of the film-forming polymer that can weaken the integrity of the enteric soft capsule shell.

Films of the enteric soft capsule shell do not dissolve or disintegrate in acids, such as 0.1 N hydrochloric acid or simulated gastric fluid (ca. pH 1.2), despite the fact that the majority of the shell ingredients (i.e., greater than 50%) normally dissolve in, or are miscible with, acids. Enteric soft capsules made using the compositions described herein remain intact in hydrochloric acid or simulated gastric fluid for at least two hours. The capsules readily release the contents upon shifting the pH of the solution to ca. 6.8, such as that of simulated intestinal fluid.

In another embodiment, the final enteric capsule composition provides films of increased strength without substantially compromising film elasticity. Moreover, films made from the enteric soft capsule compositions as described herein are sealed at normal temperature range typically used for making traditional soft gel capsules. In one aspect, enteric soft capsules are made using a rotary die apparatus as described herein.

Another embodiment described herein includes a process of manufacturing enteric soft capsules comprising the pharmaceutical composition as described herein. The process includes preparing a gel mass composition comprising a film-forming, water-soluble polymer and an enteric acid-insoluble polymer and mixing with appropriate plasticizers and solvent; casting the gel mass into films or ribbons using heat-controlled drums or surfaces; and manufacturing a soft capsule comprising a matrix fill using rotary die technology. The thickness of the films that form the enteric capsule and the dimensions of the capsules are similar to those described herein.

In one embodiment described herein, enteric soft capsules are “traditional” soft capsules coated with an enteric coating. In another embodiment described herein, enteric soft capsules are soft capsules having enteric polymers embedded within the capsule shell (e.g., an enteric soft capsule) and are coated with an enteric coating. Without being bound to any theory, it is believed that enteric coatings, in addition to providing acid-resistance or pH-dependently release, also prevent the influx of water or other solvents into soft capsules or soft capsules having enteric polymers imbedded in the shell wall that solubilize the fumarate ester and facilitate diffusion of the fumarate ester out of the capsule. Experiments described herein demonstrate that soft capsules with enteric polymers embedded within the shell wall containing dimethyl fumarate do not substantially release the dimethyl fumarate under acidic media. When monomethyl fumarate is substituted for dimethyl fumarate in similar capsules, however, monomethyl fumarate is released from enteric soft capsules in acidic media. FIGS. 16-19. Without being bound to any theory, it is though that the increased solubility of MMF contributes to the release of this molecule by facilitating solvent influx through the capsule shell and resulting in diffusion of the monomethyl fumarate out of the capsule. Enteric coatings on soft capsules or soft capsules comprising enteric polymers embedded within the capsule shell abrogate the influx of solvent and impede the release of the monomethyl fumarate active pharmaceutical ingredient. FIGS. 20-23.

In one embodiment described herein, soft capsules are coated with an enteric coating comprising the exemplary composition shown in Table 9.

TABLE 9 Exemplary Enteric CoatingComposition Weight Percentage Component Exemplary Component (%) Enteric Polymer(s) Methacrylic acid copolymers,  5-90 polyvinyl acetate phthalates, polyvinyl phthalate, cellulose acetate phthalates, cellulose acetate trimellitate, cellulose acetate succinate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose Plasticizer(s) Triethyl citrate, tributyl citrate,  0-25 polyethylene glycols, propylene glycol, triacetin, dibutyl phthalate, tripropionin, ethyl acid phtalate, butyl acid phthalate, ethyl acid adipate, fats and waxes mixed with esters, glycerin Neutralizing agent Ammonia, NaOH, sodium 0-5 bicarbonate Solubilizers Sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate sodium dodecyl sulfate, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, other detergents and surfactants Solvent(s) Water, ethanol, isopropanol, 50-80 acetone Excipients Emulsifiers, pore-forming  0-20 agents, anti-adherents, surfactants, pigments, colorants, antifoam, antioxidants, waxes, Magnesium stearate, micronized amorphous silica, kaolin, talc,

Enteric polymers useful for enteric coatings include pH-dependent polymers that are less soluble in an aqueous media with acidic pH and more soluble in an aqueous media with basic pH. In one embodiment, the enteric of pH dependent material dissolves or rapidly disperses at a pH level above pH 5.0, above pH 5.5, or above pH 6.0.

Exemplary enteric polymers useful for coats include cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, cellulose acetate trimellitate, carboxymethylcellulose, methacrylic acid copolymers such as, Eudragit L (polymethacrylic acid, methylmethacrylate, 1:1 ratio), or Eudragit S (polymethacrylic acid, methylmethacrylate, 1:2 ratio), shellac, zein, or combinations thereof.

Suitable plasticizers include acetyl triethyl citrate, dibutyl phthalate, tributyl citrate, triethyl citrate, acetyl tributyl citrate, propylene glycol, triacetin, polyethylene glycol, diethyl phthalate, or combinations thereof.

Suitable solubilizers include sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate sodium dodecyl sulfate, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, other detergents or surfactants, or combinations thereof.

Anti-adherent agents serve to prevent potential agglomeration in acid media. Suitable anti-adherents include talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycols, fumed silica, silicon dioxide, or combinations thereof.

Pore-forming agents serve to create pores or channels in the enteric coating after administration to a human. Suitable pore-forming agents include sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, polyethylene glycols (PEG), propylene glycol, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohols, methacrylic acid copolymers, poloxamers, or combinations thereof.

Many conventional coating excipients are described in the art. See e.g., Rowe et al., Eds. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 7^(th) ed. Royal Pharmaceutical Society, UK (2012).

In one embodiment described herein, the enteric coating comprises methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate copolymer (e.g., EUDRAGIT® L100-55, Evonik), talc, triethyl citrate, sodium bicarbonate, colloidal silica, sodium lauryl sulfate, and water.

In one embodiment, adjusting the amount of enteric coating and the ratio of polymer to other components allows for tuning the release profile of the dosage form.

Subcoats can be applied to the soft capsules prior to coating to prevent shell-coat interactions and improve coating adhesion to the capsule. Exemplary subcoatings can comprise polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohols, hydroxpropyl methylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, oils, or combinations thereof.

Coatings, top coatings, or subcoatings are applied to the soft capsules using various methods know in the art. The coatings are typically prepared as suspensions and sprayed on capsules in perforated coating pans through one or more spray nozzles at a specific temperature. Coating solutions or dispersion may be applied at spray rates between 100 and 400 g/min. The spray rate may be proportionately higher for coatings with higher solid content and lower for more dilute dispersions. In one embodiment, capsules are coated using a pan coater. After the enteric coating suspension is applied, the coated capsules are dried in the pan coater for a period of time at a specific temperature.

Another embodiment described herein comprises a subcoating that is applied prior to applying an enteric coating. In one embodiment, the subcoating comprises hydroxpropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, or a combination thereof.

Another embodiment described herein comprises a moisture barrier that is applied as a top coating on the enteric coating. In one embodiment the moisture barrier comprises one or more polyvinyl alcohols and appropriate pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In one embodiment the moisture barrier comprises polyvinyl alcohol, sodium lauryl sulfate, glyceryl mono-caprylate-caprate, and talc. In one aspect, the moisture barrier aids in preserving the cosmetic appearance of the dosage forms by preventing dimpling, sticking, or other processing or storage induced blemishes.

Another embodiment described herein, the fumarate ester pharmaceutical composition can comprise an enteric hard capsule shell comprising a matrix comprising a fumarate ester.

Another embodiment described herein, the fumarate ester pharmaceutical composition can comprise a hard capsule shell comprising a matrix comprising a fumarate ester.

The pharmaceutical compositions described herein can contain a matrix fill that is liquid, semi-solid, or solid. Capsules prepared as described herein can contain hydrophobic solutions or suspensions, such as vegetable oils, shortening, waxes, or combinations thereof. The matrix fill can be formulated to prevent interaction with the capsule shell components and release the pharmaceutical composition at a specified rate.

One embodiment described herein, is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a matrix fill formulation comprising any of the formulations shown in the Tables or Examples described herein. Any of the components in the formulations described herein, shown in the Tables, or illustrated in the Examples can be increased, decreased, combined, substituted, or omitted to provide for a formulation comprising about 100% by weight. Such compositions are hereby disclosed as if they were expressly disclosed herein.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein provide a dosage form of one or more fumarate esters, or prodrugs thereof, for administration to a subject. The dosage form can be administered, for example, to a subject, or a subject in need thereof. In one aspect, the subject is a mammal, or a mammal in need thereof. In one aspect, the subject is a human, or human in need thereof. In one aspect, the human or human in need thereof is a medical patient. In one aspect, the human subject is a child (˜0-9 years old) or an adolescent (—10-17 years old). In one aspect, the subject is from about 0 to about 9 years of age. In another aspect, the human subject is from about 10 years to about 17 years of age. In another aspect, the human subject is over 17 years of age. In another aspect, the human subject is an adult (≥18 years of age).

The dosage form can be administered, for example, 1×, 2×, 3×, 4×, 5×, 6×, or even more times per day. One or more dosage forms can be administered, for example, for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 days, or even longer. One or more dosage forms can be administered, for example, for 1, 2, 3, 4 weeks, or even longer. One or more dosage forms can be administered, for example, for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 months, 1 year, 2, years, 3 years, 4 years, 5 years, over 5 years, a decade, multiple decades, or even longer. One or more dosage forms can be administered at a regular interval until the subject or subject in need thereof, does not require treatment, prophylaxis, or amelioration of any disease or condition including but not limited to, general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorders.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition described herein is administered in multiple doses simultaneously. For example, two or more identical doses are administered at one time. In another embodiment, two or more different doses are administered at one time. Such dual or different simultaneous doses can be used to provide an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition to a subject in need thereof.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be used to treat, prevent, retard the progression of, delay the onset, ameliorate, reduce the symptoms of, or prophylaxis of general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorders. Neurodegenerative disorders, as used herein, include multiple sclerosis (MS), which includes relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS), primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS), progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis (PPvMS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, or any combination thereof.

In one embodiment described herein, other conditions, disorders, or diseases are controlled by administration of fumarate esters. The administration of pharmaceutical compositions comprising fumarate esters, as described herein, may be used for treating, preventing, retarding the progression of, delaying the onset, ameliorating, reducing the symptoms of, or prophylaxis of general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorders, including but not limited to, acute dermatitis, adrenal leukodystrophy, AGE-induced genome damage, Alexander's disease, alopecia areata (totalis and universalis), Alper's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, angina pectoris, arthritis, asthma, autoimmune diseases, balo concentric sclerosis, Behçet's syndrome, bullous pemphigoid, Canavan disease, cardiac insufficiency including left ventricular insufficiency, central nervous system vasculitis, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, childhood ataxia with central nervous system hypomyelination, chronic active (lupoid) hepatitis, chronic dermatitis, chronic idiopathic peripheral neuropathy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, contact dermatitis, Crohn's disease and cutaneous Crohn's disease, cutaneous lupus, cutaneous sarcoidosis, diabetic retinopathy, fibromyalgia, graft versus host disease, granuloma annulare, granulomas including annulare, Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, hepatitis C viral infection, herpes simplex viral infection, human immunodeficiency viral infection, Huntington's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel disorder, ischemia, juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus, Krabbe disease, lichen planus, macular degeneration, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, monomelic amyotrophy, multiple sclerosis (MS), myocardial infarction, necrobiosis lipoidica, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, neurodermatitis, neuromyelitis optica, neuropathic pain, neurosarcoidosis, NF-κB mediated diseases, optic neuritis, organ transplantation rejection, paraneoplastic syndromes, Parkinson's disease, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, pemphigus, pernicious anemia, primary lateral sclerosis, progressive supranuclear palsy, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, radiation-induced dermatitis, radicular pain, radiculopathic pain, reperfusion injury, retinopathic pigmentosa, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), sarcoidosis, sarcoidosis, Schilder's disease, sciatic pain, sciatica, Sjögren's syndrome, subacute necrotizing myelopathy, such as polyarthritis, Susac's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), tumors, transverse myelitis, ulcerative colitis, or Zellweger syndrome.

One embodiment described herein comprises a method for orally administering a dosage form that provides a total amount of fumarate ester of about 20 mg to about 1000 mg (e.g., ˜20-1000 mg), including all integers and fractions within the specified range.

In one embodiment described herein, the fumarate ester (FAE) dosage form can comprise, but is not limited to about 50 mg FAE, about 55 mg FAE, about 60 mg FAE, about 65 mg FAE, about 70 mg FAE, about 75 mg FAE, about 80 mg FAE, about 85 mg FAE, about 90 mg FAE, about 95 mg FAE, about 100 mg FAE, about 105 mg FAE, about 110 mg FAE, about 115 mg FAE, about 120 mg FAE, about 125 mg FAE, about 130 mg FAE, about 135 mg FAE, about 140 mg FAE, about 145 mg FAE, about 150 mg FAE, about 155 mg FAE, about 160 mg FAE, about 165 mg FAE, about 170 mg FAE, about 175 mg FAE, about 180 mg FAE, about 185 mg FAE, about 190 mg FAE, about 195 mg FAE, about 200 mg FAE, about 205 mg FAE, about 210 mg FAE, about 215 mg FAE, about 220 mg FAE, about 225 mg FAE, about 230 mg FAE, about 235 mg FAE, about 240 mg FAE, about 245 mg FAE, about 250 mg FAE, about 255 mg FAE, about 260 mg FAE, about 265 mg FAE, about 270 mg FAE, about 275 mg FAE, about 280 mg FAE, about 285 mg FAE, about 290 mg FAE, about 295 mg FAE, about 300 mg FAE, about 305 mg FAE, about 310 mg FAE, about 315 mg FAE, about 320 mg FAE, about 325 mg FAE, about 330 mg FAE, about 335 mg FAE, about 340 mg FAE, about 345 mg FAE, about 350 mg FAE, about 355 mg FAE, about 360 mg FAE, about 365 mg FAE, about 370 mg FAE, about 375 mg FAE, about 380 mg FAE, about 385 mg FAE, about 390 mg FAE, about 395 mg FAE, about 400 mg FAE, about 405 mg FAE, about 410 mg FAE, about 415 mg FAE, about 420 mg FAE, about 425 mg FAE, about 430 mg FAE, about 435 mg FAE, about 440 mg FAE, about 445 mg FAE, about 450 mg FAE, about 455 mg FAE, about 460 mg FAE, about 465 mg FAE, about 470 mg FAE, about 475 mg FAE, or about 480 mg FAE. In one embodiment, the foregoing doses comprise a partial dosage, e.g., including but not limited to one dose of a twice, thrice or quadrice daily regimen. In another embodiment, any of the foregoing doses comprise a total daily dosage. In another embodiment, any of the foregoing doses may be administered simultaneously, such as two 95 mg FAE or two 100 mg FAE, to provide 190 mg or 200 mg FAE for a particular dosing period.

In another embodiment described herein, the fumarate ester (FAE) dosage form can comprise, but is not limited to about 50 mg FAE, about 52 mg FAE, about 54 mg FAE, about 56 mg FAE, about 58 mg FAE, about 60 mg FAE, about 62 mg FAE, about 64 mg FAE, about 66 mg FAE, about 68 mg FAE, about 70 mg FAE, about 72 mg FAE, about 74 mg FAE, about 76 mg FAE, about 78 mg FAE, about 80 mg FAE, about 82 mg FAE, about 84 mg FAE, about 86 mg FAE, about 88 mg FAE, about 90 mg FAE, about 92 mg FAE, about 94 mg FAE, about 96 mg FAE, about 98 mg FAE, about 100 mg FAE, about 102 mg FAE, about 104 mg FAE, about 106 mg FAE, about 108 mg FAE, about 110 mg FAE, about 112 mg FAE, about 114 mg FAE, about 116 mg FAE, about 118 mg FAE, about 120 mg FAE, about 122 mg FAE, about 124 mg FAE, about 126 mg FAE, about 128 mg FAE, about 130 mg FAE, about 132 mg FAE, about 134 mg FAE, about 136 mg FAE, about 138 mg FAE, about 140 mg FAE, about 142 mg FAE, about 144 mg FAE, about 146 mg FAE, about 148 mg FAE, about 150 mg FAE, about 152 mg FAE, about 154 mg FAE, about 156 mg FAE, about 158 mg FAE, about 160 mg FAE, about 162 mg FAE, about 164 mg FAE, about 166 mg FAE, about 168 mg FAE, about 170 mg FAE, about 172 mg FAE, about 174 mg FAE, about 176 mg FAE, about 178 mg FAE, about 180 mg FAE, about 182 mg FAE, about 184 mg FAE, about 186 mg FAE, about 188 mg FAE, about 190 mg FAE, about 192 mg FAE, about 194 mg FAE, about 196 mg FAE, about 198 mg FAE, about 200 mg FAE, about 202 mg FAE, about 204 mg FAE, about 206 mg FAE, about 208 mg FAE, about 210 mg FAE, about 212 mg FAE, about 214 mg FAE, about 215 mg FAE, about 216 mg FAE, about 218 mg FAE, about 220 mg FAE, about 222 mg FAE, about 224 mg FAE, about 226 mg FAE, about 228 mg FAE, about 230 mg FAE, about 232 mg FAE, about 234 mg FAE, about 236 mg FAE, about 238 mg FAE, about 240 mg FAE, about 242 mg FAE, about 244 mg FAE, about 246 mg FAE, about 248 mg FAE, about 250 mg FAE, about 252 mg FAE, about 254 mg FAE, about 256 mg FAE, about 258 mg FAE, about 260 mg FAE, about 262 mg FAE, about 264 mg FAE, about 266 mg FAE, about 268 mg FAE, about 270 mg FAE, about 272 mg FAE, about 274 mg FAE, about 276 mg FAE, about 278 mg FAE, about 280 mg FAE, about 282 mg FAE, about 284 mg FAE, about 286 mg FAE, about 288 mg FAE, about 290 mg FAE, about 292 mg FAE, about 294 mg FAE, about 296 mg FAE, about 298 mg FAE, about 300 mg FAE, about 302 mg FAE, about 304 mg FAE, about 306 mg FAE, about 308 mg FAE, about 310 mg FAE, about 312 mg FAE, about 314 mg FAE, about 316 mg FAE, about 318 mg FAE, about 320 mg FAE, about 322 mg FAE, about 324 mg FAE, about 326 mg FAE, about 328 mg FAE, about 330 mg FAE, about 332 mg FAE, about 334 mg FAE, about 336 mg FAE, about 338 mg FAE, about 340 mg FAE, about 342 mg FAE, about 344 mg FAE, about 346 mg FAE, about 348 mg FAE, about 350 mg FAE, about 352 mg FAE, about 354 mg FAE, about 356 mg FAE, about 358 mg FAE, about 360 mg FAE, about 362 mg FAE, about 364 mg FAE, about 366 mg FAE, about 368 mg FAE, about 370 mg FAE, about 372 mg FAE, about 374 mg FAE, about 376 mg FAE, about 378 mg FAE, about 380 mg FAE, about 382 mg FAE, about 384 mg FAE, about 386 mg FAE, about 388 mg FAE, about 390 mg FAE, about 392 mg FAE, about 394 mg FAE, about 396 mg FAE, about 398 mg FAE, about 400 mg FAE, about 402 mg FAE, about 404 mg FAE, about 406 mg FAE, about 408 mg FAE, about 410 mg FAE, about 412 mg FAE, about 414 mg FAE, about 416 mg FAE, about 418 mg FAE, about 420 mg FAE, about 422 mg FAE, about 424 mg FAE, about 426 mg FAE, about 428 mg FAE, about 430 mg FAE, about 432 mg FAE, about 434 mg FAE, about 436 mg FAE, about 438 mg FAE, about 440 mg FAE, about 442 mg FAE, about 444 mg FAE, about 446 mg FAE, about 448 mg FAE, about 450 mg FAE, about 452 mg FAE, about 454 mg FAE, about 456 mg FAE, about 458 mg FAE, about 460 mg FAE, about 462 mg FAE, about 464 mg FAE, about 466 mg FAE, about 468 mg FAE, about 470 mg FAE, about 472 mg FAE, about 474 mg FAE, about 476 mg FAE, about 478 mg FAE, or about 480 mg FAE. In one embodiment, the foregoing doses comprise a partial dosage, e.g., including but not limited to one dose of a twice thrice, or quadrice daily regimen. In another embodiment, any of the foregoing doses comprise a total daily dosage. In another embodiment, any of the foregoing doses may be administered simultaneously, such as two 95 mg FAE or two 100 mg FAE, to provide 190 mg or 200 mg FAE for a particular dosing period.

In one embodiment, the daily dosage is about 80 mg FAE to about 460 mg FAE including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In another embodiment, the daily dosage is about 90 mg FAE to about 110 mg FAE, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In another embodiment, the daily dosage is about 95 mg FAE to about 100 mg FAE, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In another embodiment, the daily dosage is about 90 mg FAE to about 220 mg FAE, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In another embodiment, the daily dosage is about 100 mg FAE to about 200 mg FAE, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In another embodiment, the daily dosage is about 100 mg FAE to about 220 mg FAE, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In another embodiment, the daily dosage is about 170 mg FAE to about 200 mg FAE, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In another embodiment, the daily dosage is about 180 mg FAE to about 200 mg FAE, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In another embodiment, the daily dosage is about 190 mg FAE to about 200 mg FAE, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In one embodiment, the daily dosage is about 200 mg FAE to about 220 mg FAE, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In another embodiment, the daily dosage is about 380 mg FAE to about 400 mg FAE, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In another embodiment, the daily dosage is about 320 mg FAE to about 460 mg FAE, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In another embodiment, the daily dosage is about 400 mg FAE to about 460 mg FAE, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In another embodiment, the daily dosage is about 460 mg FAE. The total daily dose may be administered in any number of individual dosage forms that cumulatively total the daily dose. For example, four 95 mg FAE dosage forms may be administered in a regimen of two dosage forms in the morning and two in the evening for a total daily dose of 380 mg FAE. Alternatively, four 95 mg FAE dosage forms may be administered QID (e.g., every six hours) for a total daily dose of 380 mg FAE.

In another embodiment, the daily dosage can comprise, but is not limited to, a total amount of FAE of about 80 mg FAE, about 82 mg FAE, about 84 mg FAE, about 86 mg FAE, about 88 mg FAE, about 90 mg FAE, about 92 mg FAE, about 94 mg FAE, about 96 mg FAE, about 98 mg FAE, about 100 mg FAE, about 102 mg FAE, about 104 mg FAE, about 106 mg FAE, about 108 mg FAE, about 110 mg FAE, about 112 mg FAE, about 114 mg FAE, about 116 mg FAE, about 118 mg FAE, about 120 mg FAE, about 122 mg FAE, about 124 mg FAE, about 126 mg FAE, about 128 mg FAE, about 130 mg FAE, about 132 mg FAE, about 134 mg FAE, about 136 mg FAE, about 138 mg FAE, about 140 mg FAE, about 142 mg FAE, about 144 mg FAE, about 146 mg FAE, about 148 mg FAE, about 150 mg FAE, about 152 mg FAE, about 154 mg FAE, about 156 mg FAE, about 158 mg FAE, about 160 mg FAE, about 162 mg FAE, about 164 mg FAE, about 166 mg FAE, about 168 mg FAE, about 170 mg FAE, about 172 mg FAE, about 174 mg FAE, about 176 mg FAE, about 178 mg FAE, about 180 mg FAE, about 182 mg FAE, about 184 mg FAE, about 186 mg FAE, about 188 mg FAE, about 190 mg FAE, about 192 mg FAE, about 194 mg FAE, about 196 mg FAE, about 198 mg FAE, about 200 mg FAE, about 202 mg FAE, about 204 mg FAE, about 206 mg FAE, about 208 mg FAE, about 210 mg FAE, about 212 mg FAE, about 214 mg FAE, about 215 mg FAE, about 216 mg FAE, about 218 mg FAE, about 220 mg FAE, about 222 mg FAE, about 224 mg FAE, about 226 mg FAE, about 228 mg FAE, about 230 mg FAE, about 232 mg FAE, about 234 mg FAE, about 236 mg FAE, about 238 mg FAE, about 240 mg FAE, about 242 mg FAE, about 244 mg FAE, about 246 mg FAE, about 248 mg FAE, about 250 mg FAE, about 252 mg FAE, about 254 mg FAE, about 256 mg FAE, about 258 mg FAE, about 260 mg FAE, about 262 mg FAE, about 264 mg FAE, about 266 mg FAE, about 268 mg FAE, about 270 mg FAE, about 272 mg FAE, about 274 mg FAE, about 276 mg FAE, about 278 mg FAE, about 280 mg FAE, about 282 mg FAE, about 284 mg FAE, about 286 mg FAE, about 288 mg FAE, about 290 mg FAE, about 292 mg FAE, about 294 mg FAE, about 296 mg FAE, about 298 mg FAE, about 300 mg FAE, about 302 mg FAE, about 304 mg FAE, about 306 mg FAE, about 308 mg FAE, about 310 mg FAE, about 312 mg FAE, about 314 mg FAE, about 316 mg FAE, about 318 mg FAE, about 320 mg FAE, about 322 mg FAE, about 324 mg FAE, about 326 mg FAE, about 328 mg FAE, about 330 mg FAE, about 332 mg FAE, about 334 mg FAE, about 336 mg FAE, about 338 mg FAE, about 340 mg FAE, about 342 mg FAE, about 344 mg FAE, about 346 mg FAE, about 348 mg FAE, about 350 mg FAE, about 352 mg FAE, about 354 mg FAE, about 356 mg FAE, about 358 mg FAE, about 360 mg FAE, about 362 mg FAE, about 364 mg FAE, about 366 mg FAE, about 368 mg FAE, about 370 mg FAE, about 372 mg FAE, about 374 mg FAE, about 376 mg FAE, about 378 mg FAE, about 380 mg FAE, about 382 mg FAE, about 384 mg FAE, about 386 mg FAE, about 388 mg FAE, about 390 mg FAE, about 392 mg FAE, about 394 mg FAE, about 396 mg FAE, about 398 mg FAE, about 400 mg FAE, about 402 mg FAE, about 404 mg FAE, about 406 mg FAE, about 408 mg FAE, about 410 mg FAE, about 412 mg FAE, about 414 mg FAE, about 416 mg FAE, about 418 mg FAE, about 420 mg FAE, about 422 mg FAE, about 424 mg FAE, about 426 mg FAE, about 428 mg FAE, about 430 mg FAE, about 432 mg FAE, about 434 mg FAE, about 436 mg FAE, about 438 mg FAE, about 440 mg FAE, about 442 mg FAE, about 444 mg FAE, about 446 mg FAE, about 448 mg FAE, about 450 mg FAE, about 452 mg FAE, about 454 mg FAE, about 456 mg FAE, about 458 mg FAE, about 460 mg FAE, about 462 mg FAE, about 464 mg FAE, about 466 mg FAE, about 468 mg FAE, about 470 mg FAE, about 472 mg FAE, about 474 mg FAE, about 476 mg FAE, about 478 mg FAE, or about 480 mg FAE. The daily dosage can contain a total amount of fumarate ester effective for treatment of retarding the progression of, prophylaxis of delaying the onset of, amelioration of, or reducing symptoms of multiple sclerosis or psoriasis or other neurodegenerative disorders. In one aspect, the daily dosage is about 380 mg FAE to about 420 mg FAE. In another aspect, the daily dosage is about 380 mg FAE to about 400 mg FAE. In another aspect, the daily dosage is about 380 mg FAE. In another aspect, the daily dosage is about 400 mg FAE.

In one embodiment, the amount of fumarate ester can comprise about 80 mg to about 500 mg (e.g., 80-500 mg) of fumarate ester, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In one embodiment, the amount can comprise, but is not limited to, about 80 mg to about 480 mg FAE, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In one embodiment, the amount of fumarate ester can comprise about 80 mg FAE to about 85 mg FAE, about 85 mg FAE to about 90 mg FAE, about 85 mg FAE to about 100 mg FAE, about 90 mg FAE to about 95 mg FAE, about 90 mg FAE to about 100 mg FAE, about 90 mg FAE to about 105 mg FAE, about 90 mg FAE to about 110 mg FAE, about 90 mg FAE to about 115 mg FAE, about 90 mg FAE to about 120 mg FAE, about 95 mg FAE to about 100 mg FAE, about 95 mg FAE to about 110 mg FAE, about 95 mg FAE to about 120 mg FAE, about 95 mg FAE to about 190 mg FAE, about 95 mg FAE to about 200 mg FAE, about 100 mg FAE to about 105 mg FAE, about 100 mg FAE to about 110 mg FAE, about 100 mg FAE to about 115 mg FAE, about 100 mg FAE to about 120 mg FAE, about 100 mg FAE to about 180 mg FAE, about 100 mg FAE to about 190 mg FAE, about 100 mg FAE to about 200 mg FAE, about 100 mg FAE to about 210 mg FAE, about 100 mg FAE to about 220 mg FAE, about 100 mg FAE to about 230 mg FAE, about 100 mg FAE to about 240 mg FAE, about 100 mg FAE to about 400 mg FAE, about 100 mg FAE to about 420 mg FAE, about 100 mg FAE to about 430 mg FAE, about 100 mg FAE to about 440 mg FAE, about 100 mg FAE to about 460 mg FAE, about 100 mg FAE to about 480 mg FAE, about 105 mg FAE to about 110 mg FAE, about 105 mg FAE to about 115 mg FAE, about 105 mg FAE to about 120 mg FAE, about 105 mg FAE to about 200 mg FAE, about 105 mg FAE to about 210 mg FAE, about 105 mg FAE to about 220 mg FAE, about 105 mg FAE to about 230 mg FAE, about 105 mg FAE to about 240 mg FAE, about 105 mg FAE to about 400 mg FAE, about 105 mg FAE to about 420 mg FAE, about 105 mg FAE to about 430 mg FAE, about 105 mg FAE to about 440 mg FAE, about 105 mg FAE to about 460 mg FAE, about 105 mg FAE to about 480 mg FAE, about 110 mg FAE to about 115 mg FAE, about 110 mg FAE to about 120 mg FAE, about 110 mg FAE to about 200 mg FAE, about 110 mg FAE to about 210 mg FAE, about 110 mg FAE to about 220 mg FAE, about 110 mg FAE to about 230 mg FAE, about 110 mg FAE to about 240 mg FAE, about 110 mg FAE to about 400 mg FAE, about 110 mg FAE to about 420 mg FAE, about 120 mg FAE to about 430 mg FAE, about 110 mg FAE to about 440 mg FAE, about 110 mg FAE to about 460 mg FAE, about 110 mg FAE to about 480 mg FAE, about 115 mg FAE to about 120 mg FAE, about 115 mg FAE to about 200 mg FAE, about 115 mg FAE to about 210 mg FAE, about 115 mg FAE to about 220 mg FAE, about 115 mg FAE to about 230 mg FAE, about 115 mg FAE to about 240 mg FAE, about 115 mg FAE to about 400 mg FAE, about 115 mg FAE to about 420 mg FAE, about 115 mg FAE to about 430 mg FAE, about 115 mg FAE to about 440 mg FAE, about 115 mg FAE to about 460 mg FAE, about 115 mg FAE to about 480 mg FAE, about 120 mg FAE to about 200 mg FAE, about 120 mg FAE to about 210 mg FAE, about 120 mg FAE to about 220 mg FAE, about 120 mg FAE to about 230 mg FAE, about 120 mg FAE to about 240 mg FAE, about 120 mg FAE to about 400 mg FAE, about 120 mg FAE to about 420 mg FAE, about 120 mg FAE to about 430 mg FAE, about 120 mg FAE to about 440 mg FAE, about 120 mg FAE to about 460 mg FAE, about 120 mg FAE to about 480 mg FAE, about 180 mg FAE to about 200 mg FAE, about 190 mg FAE to about 200 mg FAE, about 190 mg FAE to about 380 mg FAE, about 190 mg FAE to about 400 mg FAE, about 200 mg FAE to about 210 mg FAE, about 200 mg FAE to about 220 mg FAE, about 200 mg FAE to about 230 mg FAE, about 200 mg FAE to about 240 mg FAE, about 200 mg FAE to about 400 mg FAE, about 200 mg FAE to about 420 mg FAE, about 200 mg FAE to about 430 mg FAE, about 200 mg FAE to about 440 mg FAE, about 200 mg FAE to about 460 mg FAE, about 200 mg FAE to about 480 mg FAE, about 210 mg FAE to about 220 mg FAE, about 210 mg FAE to about 230 mg FAE, about 210 mg FAE to about 240 mg FAE, about 210 mg FAE to about 400 mg FAE, about 210 mg FAE to about 420 mg FAE, about 210 mg FAE to about 430 mg FAE, about 210 mg FAE to about 440 mg FAE, about 210 mg FAE to about 460 mg FAE, about 210 mg FAE to about 480 mg FAE, about 220 mg FAE to about 230 mg FAE, about 220 mg FAE to about 240 mg FAE, about 220 mg FAE to about 400 mg FAE, about 220 mg FAE to about 420 mg FAE, about 220 mg FAE to about 430 mg FAE, about 220 mg FAE to about 440 mg FAE, about 220 mg FAE to about 460 mg FAE, about 220 mg FAE to about 480 mg FAE, about 230 mg FAE to about 240 mg FAE, about 230 mg FAE to about 400 mg FAE, about 230 mg FAE to about 420 mg FAE, about 230 mg FAE to about 430 mg FAE, about 230 mg FAE to about 440 mg FAE, about 230 mg FAE to about 460 mg FAE, about 230 mg FAE to about 480 mg FAE, about 240 mg FAE to about 400 mg FAE, about 240 mg FAE to about 420 mg FAE, about 240 mg FAE to about 430 mg FAE, about 240 mg FAE to about 440 mg FAE, about 240 mg FAE to about 460 mg FAE, about 240 mg FAE to about 480 mg FAE, about 380 mg FAE to about 400 mg FAE, about 380 mg FAE to about 420 mg FAE, about 400 mg FAE to about 410 mg FAE, about 400 mg FAE to about 420 mg FAE, about 400 mg FAE to about 430 mg FAE, about 400 mg FAE to about 440 mg FAE, about 400 mg FAE to about 460 mg FAE, about 400 mg FAE to about 480 mg FAE, about 420 mg FAE to about 430 mg FAE, about 420 mg FAE to about 440 mg FAE, about 420 mg FAE to about 460 mg FAE, about 420 mg FAE to about 480 mg FAE, about 430 mg FAE to about 440 mg FAE, about 430 mg FAE to about 460 mg FAE, about 430 mg FAE to about 480 mg FAE, about 440 mg FAE to about 460 mg FAE, about 440 mg FAE to about 480 mg FAE, or about 460 mg FAE to about 480 mg FAE, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges.

In one embodiment described herein, the pharmaceutical composition comprises from about 80 mg FAE to about 119 FAE including each integer within the specified range. In one embodiment described herein, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 80 mg FAE, about 81 mg FAE, about 82 mg FAE, about 893 mg FAE, about 84 mg FAE, about 85 mg FAE, about 86 mg FAE, about 87 mg FAE, about 88 mg FAE, about 89 mg FAE, about 90 mg FAE, about 91 mg FAE, about 92 mg FAE, about 93 mg FAE, about 94 mg FAE, about 95 mg FAE, about 96 mg FAE, about 97 mg FAE, about 98 mg FAE, about 99 mg FAE, about 100 mg FAE, about 101 mg FAE, about 102 mg FAE, about 103 mg FAE, about 104 mg FAE, about 105 mg FAE, about 106 mg FAE, about 107 mg FAE, about 108 mg FAE, about 109 mg FAE, about 110 mg FAE, about 111 mg FAE, about 112 mg FAE, about 113 mg FAE, about 114 mg FAE, about 115 mg FAE, about 116 mg FAE, about 117 mg FAE, about 118 mg FAE, or about 119 mg FAE.

In one embodiment described herein, the pharmaceutical composition comprises from about 180 mg FAE to about 238 FAE including each integer within the specified range. In one embodiment described herein, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 180 mg FAE, about 182 mg FAE, about 184 mg FAE, about 186 mg FAE, about 188 mg FAE, about 190 mg FAE, about 192 mg FAE, about 194 mg FAE, about 196 mg FAE, about 198 mg FAE, about 200 mg FAE, about 202 mg FAE, about 204 mg FAE, about 206 mg FAE, about 208 mg FAE, about 210 mg FAE, about 212 mg FAE, about 214 mg FAE, about 216 mg FAE, about 218 mg FAE, about 220 mg FAE, about 222 mg FAE, about 224 mg FAE, about 226 mg FAE, about 228 mg FAE, about 230 mg FAE, about 232 mg FAE, about 234 mg FAE, about 236 mg FAE, or about 238 mg FAE.

In one embodiment described herein, the pharmaceutical composition comprises from about 360 mg FAE to about 476 FAE including each integer within the specified range. In one embodiment described herein, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 360 mg FAE, about 362 mg FAE, about 364 mg FAE, about 368 mg FAE, about 372 mg FAE, about 376 mg FAE, about 380 mg FAE, about 384 mg FAE, about 388 mg FAE, about 392 mg FAE, about 396 mg FAE, about 400 mg FAE, about 404 mg FAE, about 408 mg FAE, about 412 mg FAE, about 416 mg FAE, about 420 mg FAE, about 424 mg FAE, about 428 mg FAE, about 432 mg FAE, about 436 mg FAE, about 440 mg FAE, about 444 mg FAE, about 448 mg FAE, about 452 mg FAE, about 456 mg FAE, about 460 mg FAE, about 464 mg FAE, about 468 mg FAE, about 472 mg FAE, or about 476 mg FAE.

In one embodiment described herein, the pharmaceutical composition comprises from about 90 mg FAE to about 476 FAE including each integer within the specified range. In one embodiment described herein, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 90 mg FAE, about 91 mg FAE, about 92 mg FAE, about 93 mg FAE, about 94 mg FAE, about 95 mg FAE, about 96 mg FAE, about 97 mg FAE, about 98 mg FAE, about 99 mg FAE, about 100 mg FAE, about 101 mg FAE, about 102 mg FAE, about 103 mg FAE, about 104 mg FAE, about 105 mg FAE, about 106 mg FAE, about 107 mg FAE, about 108 mg FAE, about 109 mg FAE, about 110 mg FAE, about 111 mg FAE, about 112 mg FAE, about 113 mg FAE, about 114 mg FAE, about 115 mg FAE, about 116 mg FAE, about 117 mg FAE, about 118 mg FAE, about 119 mg FAE, about 180 mg FAE, about 182 mg FAE, about 184 mg FAE, about 186 mg FAE, about 188 mg FAE, about 190 mg FAE, about 192 mg FAE, about 194 mg FAE, about 196 mg FAE, about 198 mg FAE, about 200 mg FAE, about 202 mg FAE, about 204 mg FAE, about 206 mg FAE, about 208 mg FAE, about 210 mg FAE, about 212 mg FAE, about 214 mg FAE, about 216 mg FAE, about 218 mg FAE, about 220 mg FAE, about 222 mg FAE, about 224 mg FAE, about 226 mg FAE, about 228 mg FAE, about 230 mg FAE, about 232 mg FAE, about 234 mg FAE, about 236 mg FAE, about 238 mg FAE, about 360 mg FAE, about 364 mg FAE, about 368 mg FAE, about 372 mg FAE, about 376 mg FAE, about 380 mg FAE, about 384 mg FAE, about 388 mg FAE, about 392 mg FAE, about 396 mg FAE, about 400 mg FAE, about 404 mg FAE, about 408 mg FAE, about 412 mg FAE, about 416 mg FAE, about 420 mg FAE, about 424 mg FAE, about 428 mg FAE, about 432 mg FAE, about 436 mg FAE, about 440 mg FAE, about 444 mg FAE, about 448 mg FAE, about 452 mg FAE, about 456 mg FAE, about 460 mg FAE, about 464 mg FAE, about 468 mg FAE, about 472 mg FAE, or about 476 mg FAE.

In one embodiment, the amount of fumarate ester can comprise about 85 mg to about 100 mg FAE, about 85 mg to about 110 mg FAE, about 85 mg to about 115 mg FAE, about 90 mg to about 100 mg FAE, about 90 mg to about 110 mg FAE, about 90 mg to about 115 mg FAE, about 90 mg to about 120 mg FAE, about 90 mg to about 200 mg FAE, about 90 mg to about 220 mg FAE, about 90 mg to about 230 mg FAE, about 95 mg to about 100 mg FAE, about 95 mg to about 110 mg FAE, about 95 mg to about 120 mg FAE, about 95 mg to about 200 mg FAE, about 95 mg to about 380 mg FAE, about 95 mg to about 400 mg FAE, about 100 mg to about 105 mg FAE, about 100 mg to about 110 mg FAE, about 100 mg to about 115 mg FAE, about 100 mg to about 120 mg FAE, about 100 mg to about 205 mg FAE, about 100 mg to about 210 mg FAE, about 100 mg to about 215 mg FAE, about 100 mg to about 220 mg FAE, about 100 mg to about 230 mg FAE, about 100 mg to about 380 mg FAE, about 100 mg to about 400 mg FAE, about 170 mg to about 220 mg FAE, about 180 mg to about 200 mg FAE, about 180 mg to about 220 mg FAE, about 180 mg to about 380 mg FAE, about 180 mg to about 400 mg FAE, about 190 mg to about 200 mg FAE, about 190 mg to about 220 mg FAE, about 190 mg to about 380 mg FAE, about 190 mg to about 400 mg FAE, about 200 mg to about 210 mg FAE, about 200 mg to about 212 mg FAE, about 200 mg to about 214 mg FAE, about 200 mg to about 216 mg FAE, about 200 mg to about 218 mg FAE, about 200 mg to about 220 mg FAE, about 200 mg to about 225 mg FAE, about 200 mg to about 230 mg FAE, about 200 mg to about 340 mg FAE, about 200 mg to about 380 mg FAE, about 200 mg to about 400 mg FAE, about 200 mg to about 420 mg FAE, about 200 mg to about 430 mg FAE, about 340 mg to about 430 mg FAE, about 340 mg to about 460 mg FAE, about 380 mg to about 400 mg FAE, about 380 mg to about 410 mg FAE, about 380 mg to about 420 mg FAE, or about 380 mg to about 430 mg FAE.

In another embodiment, the effective amount of fumarate ester can comprise, but is not limited to, about 70 mg FAE to about 480 mg FAE (e.g., 70-480 mg FAE), including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In one aspect, the daily effective amount of fumarate ester can comprise, but is not limited to, an effective amount of about 70 mg to about 90 mg FAE, about 75 mg to about 95 mg FAE, about 80 mg to about 100 mg FAE, about 85 mg to about 105 mg FAE, about 90 mg to about 100 mg FAE, about 90 mg to about 105 mg FAE, about 90 mg to about 100 mg FAE, about 95 mg to about 100 mg FAE, about 95 mg to about 108 mg FAE, about 100 mg to about 110 mg FAE, about 100 mg to about 115 mg FAE, about 100 mg to about 120 mg FAE, about 105 mg to about 110 mg FAE, about 105 mg to about 115 mg FAE, about 105 mg to about 120 mg FAE, about 105 mg to about 125 mg FAE, about 110 mg to about 120 mg FAE, about 110 mg to about 125 mg FAE, about 115 mg FAE to about 120 mg FAE, about 115 mg FAE to about 125 mg FAE, about 100 mg to about 200 mg FAE, about 105 mg to about 210 mg FAE, about 110 mg to about 220 mg FAE, about 115 mg FAE to about 230 mg FAE, about 120 mg to about 240 mg FAE, about 180 mg to about 200 mg FAE, about 180 mg to about 220 mg FAE, about 200 mg to about 210 mg FAE, about 200 mg to about 220 mg FAE, about 210 mg to about 240 mg FAE, about 220 mg to about 250 mg FAE, about 380 mg to about 400 mg FAE, about 400 mg to about 420 mg FAE, about 400 mg to about 430 mg FAE, about 400 mg to about 440 mg FAE, about 400 mg to about 450 mg FAE, about 400 mg to about 460 mg FAE, about 400 mg to about 480 mg FAE, about 410 mg to about 420 mg FAE, about 410 mg to about 430 mg FAE, about 410 mg to about 440 mg FAE, about 410 mg to about 450 mg FAE, about 410 mg to about 460 mg FAE, about 410 mg to about 480 mg FAE, about 420 mg to about 430 mg FAE, about 420 mg to about 440 mg FAE, about 420 mg to about 450 mg FAE, about 420 mg to about 460 mg FAE, about 420 mg to about 480 mg FAE, about 425 mg to about 430 mg FAE, about 425 mg to about 440 mg FAE, about 425 mg to about 450 mg FAE, about 425 mg to about 460 mg FAE, about 425 mg to about 480 mg FAE, about 430 mg to about 440 mg FAE, about 430 mg to about 450 mg FAE, about 430 mg to about 460 mg FAE, about 430 mg to about 480 mg FAE, about 440 mg to about 450 mg FAE, about 440 mg to about 460 mg FAE, or about 440 mg to about 480 mg FAE, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges.

In one embodiment, the daily effective amount of fumarate ester can comprise about 85 mg to about 118 mg FAE, about 90 mg to about 105 mg FAE, about 90 mg to about 110 mg FAE, about 90 mg to about 115 mg FAE, about 90 mg to about 120 mg FAE, about 90 mg to about 230 mg FAE, about 100 mg to about 105 mg FAE, about 100 mg to about 107 mg FAE, about 100 mg to about 108 mg FAE, about 100 mg to about 110 mg FAE, about 100 mg to about 115 mg FAE, about 100 mg to about 120 mg FAE, about 100 mg to about 205 mg FAE, about 100 mg to about 210 mg FAE, about 100 mg to about 215 mg FAE, about 100 mg to about 220 mg FAE, about 100 mg to about 230 mg FAE, about 170 mg to about 230 mg FAE, about 200 mg to about 210 mg FAE, about 200 mg to about 212 mg FAE, about 200 mg to about 214 mg FAE, about 200 mg to about 215 mg FAE, about 200 mg to about 216 mg FAE, about 200 mg to about 218 mg FAE, about 200 mg to about 220 mg FAE, about 200 mg to about 225 mg FAE, about 200 mg to about 230 mg FAE, about 200 mg to about 340 mg FAE, about 200 mg to about 430 mg FAE, about 340 mg to about 430 mg FAE, or about 340 mg to about 460 mg FAE.

In one embodiment described herein, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are indicated for the treatment of patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating a patient with a relapsing form of multiple sclerosis comprising the administration of a dose of a fumarate ester as described herein. In one aspect, the fumarate ester is DMF, MMF, or a combination thereof. In another aspect, the dose is between about 85 mg FAE and about 120 mg FAE, including each integer within the specified range. In another aspect, the total daily dose is between about 100 mg FAE and about 230 mg FAE, including each integer within the specified range. In another aspect, the total daily dose is between about 170 mg FAE and about 230 mg FAE, including each integer within the specified range. In another aspect, the total daily dose is between about 340 mg FAE and about 460 mg FAE, including each integer within the specified range. In one embodiment the total daily dose is about 210 mg FAE, about 211 mg FAE, about 212 mg FAE, about 213 mg FAE, about 214 mg FAE, about 215 mg FAE, about 216 mg FAE, about 217 mg FAE, about 218 mg FAE, about 219 mg FAE, or about 220 mg FAE. In one embodiment the total daily dose is about 420 mg FAE, about 422 mg FAE, about 424 mg FAE, about 426 mg FAE, about 428 mg FAE, about 430 mg FAE, about 432 mg FAE, about 434 mg FAE, about 436 mg FAE, about 438 mg FAE, or about 440 mg FAE.

In one embodiment described herein, the FAE may comprise a solution or suspension having an active pharmaceutical ingredient load (e.g., drug load) of about 1% to about 65% by weight, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In one embodiment, the drug load can comprise about 10% to about 45% by weight, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In one embodiment, the drug load can comprise about 12% to about 16% by weight, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In one embodiment, the drug load can comprise about 24% to about 32% by weight, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In one embodiment, the drug load can comprise about 20% to about 22% by weight, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In one embodiment, the drug load can comprise about 20% to about 50% by weight, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In one embodiment, the drug load can comprise about 40% to about 43% by weight, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In one embodiment, the drug load can comprise about 25% to about 45% by weight, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In one embodiment, the drug load can comprise about 29% to about 43% by weight, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In one embodiment, the drug load can comprise about 48% to about 64% by weight, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In one embodiment, the drug load can comprise about 1%, about 2%, about 2.5%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 29% about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 42%, about 45%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 65%, or even higher, by weight. In one embodiment, the drug load can comprise about 11.3%, 11.7%, 12.0%, 12.1%, 12.4%, 12.6%, 12.7%, 12.9%, 13.1%, 13.3%, 13.6%, 13.8%, 14.1%, 14.2%, 14.3%, 14.4%, 14.6%, 14.8%, 14.9%, 15.0%, 15.2%, 15.3%, 15.4%, 15.8%, 15.9%, 16.0%, 16.5%, 16.6%, 16.7%, 17.1%, 17.2%, 17.3%, 17.8%, 17.9%, 18.0%, 22.7%, 23.4%, 24.0%, 24.3%, 24.8%, 25.2%, 25.3%, 25.7%, 26.2%, 26.7%, 27.1%, 27.2%, 27.6%, 27.7%, 28.1%, 28.3%, 28.5%, 28.6%, 28.7%, 28.8%, 29.2%, 29.5%, 29.6%, 29.7%, 29.8%, 30.0%, 30.4%, 30.6%, 30.7%, 30.8%, 30.9%, 31.7%, 31.9%, 32.0%, 32.9%, 33.1%, 33.2%, 33.3%, 34.2%, 34.4%, 34.6%, 35.7%, 35.8%, 36.0%, 40.0%, 42.8%, 43.0%, 43.2%, 53.3%, 56.0%, 57.6%, 58.7%, 61.3%, or 64.0% FAE, each by weight. In one embodiment, the drug load can comprise about 34% FAE, by weight.

In one embodiment described herein, pharmaceutical composition can comprise about 0.4 mmol FAE to about 4.0 mmol FAE, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises 0.4 mmol FAE, 0.5 mmol FAE, 0.6 mmol FAE, 0.7 mmol FAE, 0.8 mmol FAE, 0.9 mmol FAE, 1.0 mmol FAE, 1.1 mmol FAE, 1.2 mmol FAE, 1.3 mmol FAE, 1.4 mmol FAE, 1.5 mmol FAE, 1.6 mmol FAE, 1.7 mmol FAE, 1.8 mmol FAE, 1.9 mmol FAE, 2.0 mmol FAE, 2.1 mmol FAE, 2.2 mmol FAE, 2.3 mmol FAE, 2.4 mmol FAE, 2.5 mmol FAE, 2.6 mmol FAE, 2.7 mmol FAE, 2.8 mmol FAE, 2.9 mmol FAE, 3.0 mmol FAE, 3.1 mmol FAE, 3.2 mmol FAE, 3.3 mmol FAE, 3.4 mmol FAE, 3.5 mmol FAE, 3.6 mmol FAE, 3.7 mmol FAE, 3.8 mmol FAE, 3.9 mmol FAE, or 4.0 mmol FAE. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 0.7 mmol FAE to about 1.6 mmol FAE. In one aspect, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 0.7 mmol FAE. In another aspect, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 0.8 mmol FAE. In another aspect, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 1.5 mmol FAE.

In another embodiment described herein, the effective dose of fumarate ester for treating multiple sclerosis or psoriasis is about 2.8 mmole FAE to about 3.1 mmol FAE. In one aspect the effective dose of fumarate ester is about 2.8. In another aspect the effective dose of fumarate ester is about 3.1.

Another embodiment described herein is a pharmaceutical dosage form comprising any one of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein for administration to a subject having a general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorder, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of one or more fumarate esters, wherein the administration is sufficient to achieve a reduction of about 0.224 annualized relapse rate relative to baseline in the subject without substantially inducing one or more of flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea in the subject; and wherein the administration does not require titration of the pharmaceutical composition.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating, retarding the progression of, prophylaxis of, delaying the onset of, ameliorating, or reducing the symptoms of multiple sclerosis or psoriasis comprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of one or more fumarate esters comprising any one of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein to a subject with multiple sclerosis, wherein the administration is sufficient to achieve a reduction of about 0.224 annualized relapse rate relative to baseline in the subject without substantially inducing one or more of flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea in the subject. In one aspect, after administration of any one the pharmaceutical compositions described herein, the subject experiences one or more of flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea at a rate of less than about 10%. In another aspect, the endpoint may be less than about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 45%, about 50%, or greater than about 50%.

Another embodiment described herein is a pharmaceutical composition and a method for treating, retarding the progression of, delaying the onset of, prophylaxis of, amelioration of, or reducing the symptoms of a general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorder, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, the method comprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of one or more fumarate esters comprising any one of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein to a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject achieves a reduction of annualized relapse rate relative to baseline without substantially experiencing one or more of flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea. In another aspect, the endpoint may be less than about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 45%, about 50%, or greater than about 50%, relative to baseline.

Endpoints for treating multiple sclerosis using fumarate esters are described in the TECFIDERA® Prescribing Information (Biogen Idec Inc.), and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2014/0163100, each of which is incorporated by reference herein for such teachings. Other pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating multiple sclerosis are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,509,376; 7,320,999; 7,619,001; 7,803,840; 8,399,514; 8,524,773; and 8,759,393, and International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2013/119677, each of which is incorporated by reference herein for such teachings.

Another embodiment described herein is a pharmaceutical composition for administration to a subject with multiple sclerosis or psoriasis comprising a therapeutically effective amount of one or more fumarate esters, wherein the subject achieves a reduction of annualized relapse rate relative to baseline without substantially experiencing one or more of flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea. In one aspect the reduction of annualized relapse rate may be about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 45%, about 50%, or greater than about 50%.

For the treatment of multiple sclerosis (e.g., relapsing forms of MS such as RRMS), the dosage form administered to the subject or subject in need thereof comprises a pharmaceutical composition comprising micronized solid particles of a fumarate ester as the only active ingredient or in combination with one or more NSAIDS (e.g., aspirin) or leukotriene receptor antagonists (e.g., montelukast or zafirlukast). In one aspect, the effective amount of fumarate ester is about 320 mg to about 460 mg FAE per day and the subjects can receive the effective amount, e.g., about 80 mg to about 115 mg FAE quater in die (QID), in the form of four capsules a day, to be taken orally, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the effective amount is about 85 mg to about 110 mg FAE quater in die (QID). In another aspect, the effective amount is about 90 mg to about 100 mg FAE quater in die (QID). In another aspect, the effective amount is about 90 mg to about 107 mg FAE quater in die (QID). In another aspect, the effective amount is about 100 mg to about 108 mg FAE quater in die (QID). In another aspect, the effective amount is about 105 mg to about 110 mg FAE quater in die (QID). In one aspect, the effective amount of fumarate ester is about 340 mg to about 460 mg FAE per day and the subjects can receive the effective amount, e.g., about 170 mg to about 230 mg FAE bis in die (BID), in the form of two capsules a day, to be taken orally, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the effective amount is about 205 mg to about 230 mg FAE BID. In a further aspect, the effective amount is about 210 mg to about 220 mg FAE BID. In a further aspect, the effective amount is about 210 mg to 216 mg FAE BID. In a further aspect, the effective amount is about 212 mg to 216 mg FAE BID. In another aspect, the effective amount of FAE is about 340 mg to about 460 mg FAE per day and the subjects can receive the effective amount, e.g., about 340 to about 460 mg FAE quaque die (QD), in the form of one capsule a day, to be taken orally, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges.

In another embodiment, for the treatment of multiple sclerosis the daily effective amount of FAE is from 80 mg FAE to 85 mg FAE, 80 mg FAE to 90 mg FAE, 80 mg FAE to 95 mg FAE, 85 mg FAE to 100 mg FAE, 85 mg FAE to 90 mg FAE, 85 mg FAE to 95 mg FAE, 90 mg FAE to 100 mg FAE, 90 mg FAE to 105 mg FAE, 90 mg FAE to 95 mg FAE, 95 mg FAE to 100 mg FAE, 95 mg FAE to 105 mg FAE, 95 mg FAE to 110 mg FAE, 100 mg FAE to 105 mg FAE, 100 mg FAE to 110 mg FAE, 100 mg FAE to 115 mg FAE, 105 mg FAE to 110 mg FAE, 105 mg FAE to 115 mg FAE, 105 mg FAE to 120 mg FAE, 110 mg FAE to 115 mg FAE, 110 mg FAE to 120 mg FAE, 110 mg FAE to 125 mg FAE, 115 mg FAE to 120 mg FAE, 115 mg FAE to 125 mg FAE, 115 mg FAE to 130 mg FAE, 120 mg FAE to 125 mg FAE, 120 mg FAE to 130 mg FAE, 120 mg FAE to 135 mg FAE, 125 mg FAE to 130 mg FAE, 125 mg FAE to 135 mg FAE, 125 mg FAE to 140 mg FAE, 130 mg FAE to 135 mg FAE, 130 mg FAE to 140 mg FAE, 130 mg FAE to 145 mg FAE, 135 mg FAE to 140 mg FAE, 135 mg FAE to 145 mg FAE, 135 mg FAE to 150 mg FAE, 140 mg FAE to 145 mg FAE, 140 mg FAE to 150 mg FAE, 140 mg FAE to 155 mg FAE, 145 mg FAE to 150 mg FAE, 145 mg FAE to 155 mg FAE, 145 mg FAE to 160 mg FAE, 150 mg FAE to 155 mg FAE, 150 mg FAE to 160 mg FAE, 150 mg FAE to 165 mg FAE, 155 mg FAE to 160 mg FAE, 155 mg FAE to 165 mg FAE, 155 mg FAE to 170 mg FAE, 160 mg FAE to 165 mg FAE, 160 mg FAE to 170 mg FAE, 160 mg FAE to 175 mg FAE, 165 mg FAE to 170 mg FAE, 165 mg FAE to 175 mg FAE, 165 mg FAE to 180 mg FAE, 170 mg FAE to 175 mg FAE, 170 mg FAE to 180 mg FAE, 170 mg FAE to 185 mg FAE, 175 mg FAE to 180 mg FAE, 175 mg FAE to 185 mg FAE, 175 mg FAE to 190 mg FAE, 180 mg FAE to 185 mg FAE, 180 mg FAE to 190 mg FAE, 180 mg FAE to 195 mg FAE, 185 mg FAE to 190 mg FAE, 185 mg FAE to 195 mg FAE, 185 mg FAE to 200 mg FAE, 190 mg FAE to 195 mg FAE, 190 mg FAE to 200 mg FAE, 190 mg FAE to 205 mg FAE, 195 mg FAE to 200 mg FAE, 195 mg FAE to 205 mg FAE, 195 mg FAE to 210 mg FAE, 200 mg FAE to 205 mg FAE, 200 mg FAE to 210 mg FAE, 200 mg FAE to 215 mg FAE, 205 mg FAE to 210 mg FAE, 205 mg FAE to 215 mg FAE, 205 mg FAE to 220 mg FAE, 210 mg FAE to 215 mg FAE, 210 mg FAE to 220 mg FAE, 210 mg FAE to 225 mg FAE, 215 mg FAE to 220 mg FAE, 215 mg FAE to 225 mg FAE, 215 mg FAE to 230 mg FAE, 220 mg FAE to 225 mg FAE, 220 mg FAE to 230 mg FAE, 220 mg FAE to 235 mg FAE, 225 mg FAE to 230 mg FAE, 225 mg FAE to 235 mg FAE, 225 mg FAE to 240 mg FAE, 230 mg FAE to 235 mg FAE, 230 mg FAE to 240 mg FAE, 230 mg FAE to 245 mg FAE, 235 mg FAE to 240 mg FAE, 235 mg FAE to 245 mg FAE, 235 mg FAE to 250 mg FAE, 240 mg FAE to 245 mg FAE, 240 mg FAE to 250 mg FAE, 240 mg FAE to 255 mg FAE, 245 mg FAE to 250 mg FAE, 245 mg FAE to 255 mg FAE, 245 mg FAE to 260 mg FAE, 250 mg FAE to 255 mg FAE, 250 mg FAE to 260 mg FAE, 250 mg FAE to 265 mg FAE, 255 mg FAE to 260 mg FAE, 255 mg FAE to 265 mg FAE, 255 mg FAE to 270 mg FAE, 260 mg FAE to 265 mg FAE, 260 mg FAE to 270 mg FAE, 260 mg FAE to 275 mg FAE, 265 mg FAE to 270 mg FAE, 265 mg FAE to 275 mg FAE, 265 mg FAE to 280 mg FAE, 270 mg FAE to 275 mg FAE, 270 mg FAE to 280 mg FAE, 270 mg FAE to 285 mg FAE, 275 mg FAE to 280 mg FAE, 275 mg FAE to 285 mg FAE, 275 mg FAE to 290 mg FAE, 280 mg FAE to 285 mg FAE, 280 mg FAE to 290 mg FAE, 280 mg FAE to 295 mg FAE, 285 mg FAE to 290 mg FAE, 285 mg FAE to 295 mg FAE, 285 mg FAE to 300 mg FAE, 290 mg FAE to 295 mg FAE, 290 mg FAE to 300 mg FAE, 290 mg FAE to 305 mg FAE, 295 mg FAE to 300 mg FAE, 295 mg FAE to 305 mg FAE, 295 mg FAE to 310 mg FAE, 300 mg FAE to 305 mg FAE, 300 mg FAE to 310 mg FAE, 300 mg FAE to 315 mg FAE, 305 mg FAE to 310 mg FAE, 305 mg FAE to 315 mg FAE, 305 mg FAE to 320 mg FAE, 310 mg FAE to 315 mg FAE, 310 mg FAE to 320 mg FAE, 310 mg FAE to 325 mg FAE, 315 mg FAE to 320 mg FAE, 315 mg FAE to 325 mg FAE, 315 mg FAE to 330 mg FAE, 320 mg FAE to 325 mg FAE, 320 mg FAE to 330 mg FAE, 320 mg FAE to 335 mg FAE, 325 mg FAE to 330 mg FAE, 325 mg FAE to 335 mg FAE, 325 mg FAE to 340 mg FAE, 330 mg FAE to 335 mg FAE, 330 mg FAE to 340 mg FAE, 330 mg FAE to 345 mg FAE, 335 mg FAE to 340 mg FAE, 335 mg FAE to 345 mg FAE, 335 mg FAE to 350 mg FAE, 340 mg FAE to 345 mg FAE, 340 mg FAE to 350 mg FAE, 340 mg FAE to 355 mg FAE, 345 mg FAE to 350 mg FAE, 345 mg FAE to 355 mg FAE, 345 mg FAE to 360 mg FAE, 350 mg FAE to 355 mg FAE, 350 mg FAE to 360 mg FAE, 350 mg FAE to 365 mg FAE, 355 mg FAE to 360 mg FAE, 355 mg FAE to 365 mg FAE, 355 mg FAE to 370 mg FAE, 360 mg FAE to 365 mg FAE, 360 mg FAE to 370 mg FAE, 360 mg FAE to 375 mg FAE, 365 mg FAE to 370 mg FAE, 365 mg FAE to 375 mg FAE, 365 mg FAE to 380 mg FAE, 370 mg FAE to 375 mg FAE, 370 mg FAE to 380 mg FAE, 370 mg FAE to 385 mg FAE, 375 mg FAE to 380 mg FAE, 375 mg FAE to 385 mg FAE, 375 mg FAE to 390 mg FAE, 380 mg FAE to 385 mg FAE, 380 mg FAE to 390 mg FAE, 380 mg FAE to 395 mg FAE, 385 mg FAE to 390 mg FAE, 385 mg FAE to 395 mg FAE, 385 mg FAE to 400 mg FAE, 390 mg FAE to 395 mg FAE, 390 mg FAE to 400 mg FAE, 390 mg FAE to 405 mg FAE, 395 mg FAE to 400 mg FAE, 395 mg FAE to 405 mg FAE, 395 mg FAE to 410 mg FAE, 400 mg FAE to 405 mg FAE, 400 mg FAE to 410 mg FAE, 400 mg FAE to 415 mg FAE, 405 mg FAE to 410 mg FAE, 405 mg FAE to 415 mg FAE, 405 mg FAE to 420 mg FAE, 410 mg FAE to 415 mg FAE, 410 mg FAE to 420 mg FAE, 410 mg FAE to 425 mg FAE, 415 mg FAE to 420 mg FAE, 415 mg FAE to 425 mg FAE, 415 mg FAE to 430 mg FAE, 420 mg FAE to 425 mg FAE, 420 mg FAE to 430 mg FAE, 420 mg FAE to 435 mg FAE, 425 mg FAE to 430 mg FAE, 425 mg FAE to 435 mg FAE, 425 mg FAE to 440 mg FAE, 430 mg FAE to 435 mg FAE, 430 mg FAE to 440 mg FAE, 430 mg FAE to 445 mg FAE, 435 mg FAE to 440 mg FAE, 435 mg FAE to 445 mg FAE, 435 mg FAE to 450 mg FAE, 440 mg FAE to 445 mg FAE, 440 mg FAE to 450 mg FAE, 440 mg FAE to 455 mg FAE, 445 mg FAE to 450 mg FAE, 445 mg FAE to 455 mg FAE, 445 mg FAE to 460 mg FAE, 450 mg FAE to 455 mg FAE, 450 mg FAE to 460 mg FAE, 450 mg FAE to 465 mg FAE, 455 mg FAE to 460 mg FAE, 455 mg FAE to 465 mg FAE, 455 mg FAE to 470 mg FAE, 460 mg FAE to 465 mg FAE, 460 mg FAE to 470 mg FAE, 460 mg FAE to 475 mg FAE, 465 mg FAE to 470 mg FAE, 465 mg FAE to 475 mg FAE, 465 mg FAE to 480 mg FAE, 470 mg FAE to 475 mg FAE, 470 mg FAE to 480 mg FAE, or 475 mg FAE to 480 mg FAE. The effective amount can be administered in one or more doses, once, twice, three, four, or more times per day.

For the treatment of autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis and psoriasis, the dosage form administered to the subject or subject in need thereof comprises a pharmaceutical composition comprising micronized solid particles of a fumarate ester as the only active ingredient. In one embodiment, the effective amount of fumarate ester is about 340 mg to about 440 mg FAE per day and the subjects can receive the effective amount, e.g., about 340 mg to about 440 mg FAE per day, in the form of two dosage forms comprising 85 mg to about 110 mg FAE, simultaneously administered bis in die (BID), for a total of four capsules per day to be taken orally (e.g., two capsules administered ante meridiem and two capsules administered post meridiem).

In another embodiment, the effective amount of fumarate ester is about 380 mg to about 400 mg FAE per day and the subjects can receive the effective amount, e.g., about 380 mg to about 400 mg FAE per day, in the form of two dosage forms comprising about 95 mg to about 100 mg FAE, simultaneously administered bis in die (BID), for a total of four capsules a day to be taken orally (e.g., two capsules administered ante meridiem and two capsules administered post meridiem). In one aspect, the dosage form comprises about 95 mg FAE. In another aspect, the dosage form comprises 100 mg FAE. In one embodiment, dosing regimen comprises two 95 mg dosage forms administered BID for a total of 380 mg FAE per day. In another embodiment, dosing regimen comprises two 100 mg dosage forms administered BID for a total of 400 mg FAE per day.

Without being bound by any theory, it is thought that simultaneously administering two small dosage forms, such as two 95 mg FAE or 100 mg FAE soft capsule dosage forms (e.g., total fill weight of about 250 to about 300 mg in a 5 oval capsule) provides more rapid gastric emptying and transit to the duodenum as compared to a single larger dosage form, such as a single 200 mg of FAE soft capsule dosage form (e.g., total fill weight of about 500 mg to about 600 mg in a 12 oval capsule). This may provide a more rapid T_(max) and also reduce C_(max) because of the lower FAE dose. This may also reduce gastrointestinal side effects.

In another embodiment, the effective amount of fumarate ester is about 400 mg to about 420 mg FAE per day and the subjects can receive the effective amount, e.g., about 400 mg to about 420 mg FAE per day, in the form of two dosage forms comprising about 180 mg to about 210 mg in the form of two capsules per day, to be taken orally (e.g., one capsule administered ante meridiem and one capsules administered post meridiem). In one aspect, the dosage form comprises 180 mg FAE. In another aspect, the dosage form comprises 190 mg FAE. In one aspect, the dosage form comprises about 200 mg FAE. In another aspect, the dosage form comprises 205 mg FAE. In another aspect, the dosage form comprises 210 mg FAE.

In another embodiment, the effective amount of fumarate ester is about 400 mg to about 440 mg FAE per day and the subjects can receive the effective amount, e.g., about 400 mg to about 440 mg FAE per day, in the form of two dosage forms comprising about 200 mg to about 220 mg in the form of two capsules a day, to be taken orally (e.g., one capsule administered ante meridiem and one capsules administered post meridiem). In one aspect, the dosage form comprises about 200 mg FAE. In another aspect, the dosage form comprises 210 mg FAE. In another aspect, the dosage form comprises 215 mg FAE. In another aspect, the dosage form comprises 220 mg FAE.

For the treatment of autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis and psoriasis, the dosage form administered to the subject or subject in need thereof comprises a pharmaceutical composition comprising micronized solid particles of a fumarate ester as the only active ingredient or in combination with one or more NSAIDS (e.g., aspirin) or leukotriene receptor antagonists (e.g., montelukast or zafirlukast). In one aspect, the effective amount of fumarate ester is about 340 mg to about 440 mg FAE per day and the subjects can receive the effective amount, e.g., about 85 mg to about 110 mg FAE quater in die (QID), in the form of four capsules a day, to be taken orally, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In one aspect, the effective amount of fumarate ester is about 340 mg to about 440 mg FAE per day and the subjects can receive the effective amount, e.g., about 170 mg to about 220 mg FAE bis in die (BID), in the form of two capsules a day, to be taken orally, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the effective amount of fumarate ester is about 340 mg to about 440 mg FAE per day and the subjects can receive the effective amount, e.g., about 340 mg to about 440 mg FAE quaque die (QD), in the form of one capsule a day, to be taken orally, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges.

Fumarate esters can cause flushing and gastrointestinal (GI) side effects in some subjects. While the side effects generally subside soon after subjects start on the treatment, in one aspect the starting dose is about 85 mg to about 110 mg FAE BID orally for the first 7 days, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. The dose is increased to the effective dose of about 170 mg to about 220 mg FAE BID (e.g., about 340 mg to about 440 mg FAE per day), including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the starting dose is about 170 mg to about 220 mg FAE BID orally for the first 7 days, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. The dose is increased to the effective dose of about 340 mg to about 440 mg FAE QD (e.g., about 340 mg to about 440 mg FAE per day), including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. For those subjects who experience GI or flushing side effects, taking FAE with food can improve tolerability. In one aspect described herein, FAE is administered after a meal. In another aspect described herein, FAE is administered after a high-fat meal to reduce or ameliorate the one or more symptoms of flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea in the subject.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be administered without titration of the pharmaceutical composition. In one aspect, the pharmaceutical compositions can be administered without titration and without substantially inducing one or more side effects including, but not limited to flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, or nausea.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition described herein does not elicit the flushing and gastrointestinal side effects when the dose is about 85 mg to about 110 mg FAE quater in die (QID) or two doses simultaneously bis in die (BID) (e.g., 340 mg to about 440 mg FAE per day), including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition described herein does not elicit the flushing and gastrointestinal side effects when the dose is about 170 mg to about 220 mg FAE bis in die (BID) (e.g., 340 mg to about 440 mg FAE per day), including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition described herein does not elicit the flushing and gastrointestinal side effects when the dose is about 340 mg to about 440 mg FAE quaque die (QD) (e.g., 340 mg to about 440 mg FAE per day), including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition described herein does not elicit flushing and gastrointestinal side effects when the effective amount is about 180 mg FAE quaque die (QD) (e.g., 180 mg FAE per day). In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition described herein does not elicit the flushing and gastrointestinal side effects when the effective amount is about 170 mg to about 220 mg FAE quaque die (QD) (e.g., 170 mg to about 220 mg FAE per day), including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition described herein does not elicit the flushing and gastrointestinal side effects when the effective amount is about 340 mg to about 440 mg FAE quaque die (QD) (e.g., 340 mg to about 440 mg FAE per day), including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges.

In one embodiment described herein, without being bound to any theory, it is surprising and unexpected that the pharmaceutical compositions described herein comprising liquid dosage forms of FAE provide effective treatment of multiple sclerosis at total daily dosages of about 380 mg FAE to about 400 mg FAE when compared to a total daily dosage of 480 mg dimethyl fumarate administered as TECFIDERA®. In one embodiment described herein, the FAE is DMF. In another embodiment described herein, the FAE is monomethyl fumarate. In another embodiment described herein, the FAE is DMF, MMF, other MMF prodrug, or a combination thereof.

In another aspect, the administration of about 325 mg of non-enteric coated aspirin 30-minutes prior to FAE dosing can reduce the occurrence and severity of flushing. In one aspect, subjects who experience flushing with gastrointestinal side effects may reduce the dose to about 100 mg to about 120 mg FAE BID temporarily, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. Within a month, the effective dose of about 170 mg to about 220 mg FAE BID should be resumed, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In another aspect, subjects who experience flushing with gastrointestinal side effects may reduce the dose to about 170 mg to about 220 mg FAE BID temporarily, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. Within a month, the effective dose of about 340 mg to about 440 mg FAE QD should be resumed, including all integers and fractions within the specified range.

In one embodiment, a subject administered a FAE pharmaceutical composition described herein may take one or more non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) before (for example, about 10 minutes to an hour, e.g., about 30 minutes before) taking a FAE pharmaceutical composition described herein. In one embodiment, the subject administered a dosage form takes the one or more non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce flushing. In one embodiment, the one or more non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs comprise aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, celecoxib, or combinations thereof. The one or more non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can be administered in an amount of about 50 mg to about 500 mg before taking the dosage form described herein. In one embodiment, a subject takes 325 mg aspirin about 30-minutes before taking the dosage forms described herein.

In another embodiment, a subject administered a FAE pharmaceutical composition described herein may take one or more leukotriene receptor antagonists. In another embodiment, a subject administered a FAE pharmaceutical composition described herein may take 10 to 20 mg of montelukast (Singulair®) or zafirlukast (Accolate®).

In another embodiment described herein, subjects are orally administered one or more non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs before taking the dosage form described herein exhibit the same pharmacokinetic properties (e.g., C_(max) and AUC) as subjects orally administered the dosage form described herein without administering one or more non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, celecoxib, or combinations thereof). The NSAID can be administered about 30-minutes before taking the dosage form described herein.

In one embodiment described herein, a subject is administered one or more dosage forms containing about 80 mg to about 460 mg FAE, one or more times daily for a total daily dose of about 320 mg to about 460 mg, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In one aspect, the pharmaceutical composition comprises an immediate release, delayed release, controlled release, or extended release formulation of a fumarate ester. In one embodiment, the matrix is a controlled release matrix. In another embodiment, the matrix is a delayed release matrix. In another embodiment, the matrix is an extended release matrix. In another aspect, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a soft capsule. In another aspect, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a soft capsule comprising one or more subcoatings, top coatings, enteric coatings, or combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, subjects having a general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorder, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, are administered one or more dosage forms comprising about 80 mg to about 110 mg FAE, twice-daily for a total daily dose of about 320 mg to about 440 mg, wherein the dosage form comprises solid microparticles of FAE in a liquid matrix. In one embodiment, the matrix is a controlled release matrix.

In one embodiment, subjects having a general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorder, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, are administered one or more dosage forms comprising about 95 mg to about 100 mg FAE, twice-daily for a total daily dose of about 190 mg to about 200 mg, wherein the dosage forms comprise solid microparticles of FAE suspended in a liquid matrix. In one embodiment, the matrix is a controlled release matrix.

In one embodiment, subjects having a general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorder, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, are simultaneously administered two dosage forms comprising about 95 mg to about 100 mg FAE, twice-daily for a total daily dose of about 380 mg to about 400 mg, wherein the soft capsule comprises solid microparticles of FAE suspended in a liquid matrix. In one embodiment, the matrix is a controlled release matrix.

In one embodiment, subjects having a general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorder, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, are administered a dosage form containing about 200 mg FAE, twice daily for a total daily dose of about 400 mg, wherein the dosage form comprises solid microparticles of FAE suspended in a matrix. In one embodiment, the matrix is a controlled release matrix.

Pharmacokinetics of fumarate esters, particularly DMF, are described by Sheikh et al., Clinical Therapeutics 35(10): 1582-1594 (2013), which is incorporated by reference herein for such teachings. After oral administration of dimethyl fumarate, the molecule undergoes rapid presystemic hydrolysis by esterases and is converted to the active metabolite, monomethyl fumarate (MMF). Dimethyl fumarate is not quantifiable in plasma following oral administration. All pharmacokinetic analyses related to DMF are performed with plasma MMF concentrations. When monomethyl fumarate is orally administered, the MMF molecule concentration can be directly measured in plasma.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition described herein is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 0.2 mg/L to about 2.41 mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 0.4 mg/L to about 2.41 mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 1.5 mg/L to about 3.4 mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 1.03 mg/L to about 2.41 mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 0.4 mg/L to about 0.75 mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 0.76 mg/L to about 1.03 mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 1.04 mg/L to about 1.75 mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 1.75 mg/L to about 2.41 mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) of at least 0.4 mg/L, at least 0.5 mg/L, at least 0.6 mg/L, at least 0.7 mg/L, at least 0.8 mg/L, at least 0.9 mg/L, at least 1 mg/L, at least 1.1 mg/L, at least 1.2 mg/L, at least 1.3 mg/L, at least 1.4 mg/L, at least 1.5 mg/L, at least 1.6 mg/L, at least 1.7 mg/L, at least 1.8 mg/L, at least 1.9 mg/L, at least 2 mg/L, at least 2.1 mg/L, at least 2.2 mg/L, at least 2.3 mg/L, at least 2.4 mg/L, at least 2.5 mg/L, at least 2.6 mg/L, at least 2.7 mg/L, at least 2.8 mg/L, at least 2.9 mg/L, at least 3 mg/L, at least 3.1 mg/L, at least 3.2 mg/L, at least 3.3 mg/L, or at least 3.4 mg/L.

In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form four times daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(overall) ranging from about 1.0 h·mg/L to about 15.2 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form four times daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(overall) ranging from about 2.01 h·mg/L to about 5.2 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form four times daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(overall) ranging from about 1.0 h·mg/L to about 5.2 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form four times daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(overall) ranging from about 11.3 h·mg/L to about 15.2 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form four times daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(overall) ranging from about 3.2 h·mg/L to about 11.2 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form four times daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(overall) ranging from about 5.2 h·mg/L to about 11.2 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form four times daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(overall) at least about 1.0 h·mg/L, at least 1.2 h·mg/L, at least 1.4 h·mg/L, at least 1.6 h·mg/L, at least 1.8 h·mg/L, at least 2.0 h·mg/L, at least 2.3 h·mg/L, at least about 2.6 h·mg/L, at least about 2.9 h·mg/L, at least 3.2 h·mg/L, at least 3.5 h·mg/L, at least 3.8 h·mg/L, at least 4.1 h·mg/L, at least 4.4 h·mg/L, at least 4.7 h·mg/L, at least 5.0 h·mg/L, at least 5.3 h·mg/L, at least 5.6 h·mg/L, at least 5.9 h·mg/L, at least 6.2 h·mg/L, at least 6.5 h·mg/L, at least 6.8 h·mg/L, at least 7.1 h·mg/L, at least 7.4 h·mg/L, at least 7.7 h·mg/L, at least 8.0 h·mg/L, at least 8.3 h·mg/L, at least 8.6 h·mg/L, at least 8.9 h·mg/L, at least 9.2 h·mg/L, at least 9.5 h·mg/L, at least 9.8 h·mg/L, at least 10.1 h·mg/L, at least 10.4·h·mg/L, at least 10.7 h·mg/L, at least 11.0 h·mg/L, at least 11.3 h·mg/L, at least 11.6 h·mg/L, at least 11.9 h·mg/L, at least 12.2 h·mg/L, at least 12.5 h·mg/L, at least 12.8 h·mg/L, at least 13.1 h·mg/L, at least 13.3 h·mg/L, at least 13.6 h·mg/L, at least 13.9 h·mg/L, at least 14.2 h·mg/L, at least 14.5 h·mg/L, at least 14.8 h·mg/L, or at least 15.2 h·mg/L.

In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→12h) ranging from about 0.5 h·mg/L to about 5.5 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→12h) ranging from about 0.5 h·mg/L to about 2.5 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→12h) ranging from about 2.6 h·mg/L to about 5.5 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→12h) of at least about 0.5 h·mg/L, at least 1.0 h·mg/L, at least 1.2 h·mg/L, at least 1.4 h·mg/L, at least 1.6 h·mg/L, at least 1.8 h·mg/L, at least 2.0 h·mg/L, at least 2.1 h·mg/L, at least 2.2 h·mg/L, at least 2.3 h·mg/L, at least 2.4 h·mg/L, at least 2.5 h·mg/L, at least 2.6 h·mg/L, at least 2.7 h·mg/L, at least 2.8 h·mg/L, at least 2.9 h·mg/L, at least 3 h·mg/L, at least 3.1 h·mg/L, at least 3.2 h·mg/L, at least 3.3 h·mg/L, at least 3.4 h·mg/L, at least 3.5 h·mg/L, at least 3.6 h·mg/L, at least 3.7 h·mg/L, at least 3.8 h·mg/L, at least 3.9 h·mg/L, at least 4 h·mg/L, at least 4.1 h·mg/L, at least 4.2 h·mg/L, at least 4.3 h·mg/L, at least 4.4 h·mg/L, at least 4.5 h·mg/L, at least 4.6 h·mg/L, at least 4.7 h·mg/L, at least 4.8 h·mg/L, at least 4.9 h·mg/L, at least 5 h·mg/L, at least 5.1 h·mg/L, at least 5.2 h·mg/L, at least 5.3 h·mg/L, at least 5.4 h·mg/L, or at least 5.5 h·mg/L.

In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→∞) ranging from about 0.5 h·mg/L to about 5.6 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→∞) ranging from about 0.5 h·mg/L to about 2.6 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→∞) ranging from about 2.6 h·mg/L to about 5.5 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→∞) of at least about 0.5 h·mg/L, at least 1.0 h·mg/L, at least 1.2 h·mg/L, at least 1.4 h·mg/L, at least 1.6 h·mg/L, at least 1.8 h·mg/L, at least 2 h·mg/L, at least 2.1 h·mg/L, at least 2.2 h·mg/L, at least 2.3 h·mg/L, at least 2.4 h·mg/L, at least 2.5 h·mg/L, at least 2.6 h·mg/L, at least 2.7 h·mg/L, at least 2.8 h·mg/L, at least 2.9 h·mg/L, at least 3 h·mg/L, at least 3.1 h·mg/L, at least 3.2 h·mg/L, at least 3.3 h·mg/L, at least 3.4 h·mg/L, at least 3.5 h·mg/L, at least 3.6 h·mg/L, at least 3.7 h·mg/L, at least 3.8 h·mg/L, at least 3.9 h·mg/L, at least 4 h·mg/L, at least 4.1 h·mg/L, at least 4.2 h·mg/L, at least 4.3 h·mg/L, at least 4.4 h·mg/L, at least 4.5 h·mg/L, at least 4.6 h·mg/L, at least 4.7 h·mg/L, at least 4.8 h·mg/L, at least 4.9 h·mg/L, at least 5 h·mg/L, at least 5.1 h·mg/L, at least 5.2 h·mg/L, at least 5.3 h·mg/L, at least 5.4 h·mg/L, or at least 5.5 h·mg/L.

In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) ranging from about 1.5 hours to about 8.5 hours, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) ranging from about 1.6 hours to about 2.5 hours, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) ranging from about 2.6 hours to about 5 hours, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) ranging from about 5.1 hours to about 7.5 hours, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 85 mg to about 110 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) ranging from about 7.6 hours to about 8.5 hours, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 240 mg to about 240 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) of at least 1.6 hours, at least 1.8 hours, at least 2 hours, at least 2.2 hours, at least 2.4 hours, at least 2.6 hours, at least 2.8 hours, at least 3 hours, at least 3.2 hours, at least 3.4 hours, at least 3.6 hours, at least 3.8 hours, at least 4 hours, at least 4.2 hours, at least 4.4 hours, at least 4.6 hours, at least 4.8 hours, at least 5 hours, at least 5.2 hours, at least 5.4 hours, at least 5.6 hours, at least 5.8 hours, at least 6 hours, at least 6.2 hours, at least 6.4 hours, at least 6.6 hours, at least 6.8 hours, at least 7 hours, at least 7.2 hours, at least 7.4 hours, at least 7.6 hours, at least 7.8 hours, at least 8 hours, at least 8.2 hours, or at least 8.4 hours.

In one embodiment described herein, a subject is administered a capsule containing about 170 mg to about 220 mg FAE, twice daily for a total daily dose of about 340 mg to about 440 mg, including all integers and fractions within the specified range. In one aspect, the pharmaceutical composition comprises an immediate release, delayed release, controlled release, or extended release formulation of a fumarate ester. In another aspect, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a soft capsule.

In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 0.4 mg/L to about 2.41 mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 1.0 mg/L to about 3.4 mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 1.03 mg/L to about 2.41 mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 0.4 mg/L to about 0.75 mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 0.76 mg/L to about 1.03 mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 1.04 mg/L to about 1.75 mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 1.75 mg/L to about 2.41 mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) of at least 0.4 mg/L, at least 0.5 mg/L, at least 0.6 mg/L, at least 0.7 mg/L, at least 0.8 mg/L, at least 0.9 mg/L, at least 1 mg/L, at least 1.1 mg/L, at least 1.2 mg/L, at least 1.3 mg/L, at least 1.4 mg/L, at least 1.5 mg/L, at least 1.6 mg/L, at least 1.7 mg/L, at least 1.8 mg/L, at least 1.9 mg/L, at least 2 mg/L, at least 2.1 mg/L, at least 2.2 mg/L, at least 2.3 mg/L, at least 2.4 mg/L, at least 2.5 mg/L, at least 2.6 mg/L, at least 2.7 mg/L, at least 2.8 mg/L, at least 2.9 mg/L, at least 3 mg/L, at least 3.1 mg/L, at least 3.2 mg/L, at least 3.3 mg/L, or at least 3.4 mg/L.

In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form twice-daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(overall) ranging from about 1.0 h·mg/L to about 15.2 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form twice-daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(overall) ranging from about 2.01 h·mg/L to about 5.2 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form twice-daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(overall) ranging from about 1.0 h·mg/L to about 5.2 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form twice-daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(overall) ranging from about 11.3 h·mg/L to about 15.2 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form twice-daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(overall) ranging from about 4.8 h·mg/L to about 11.2 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form twice-daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(overall) at least about 1.0 h·mg/L, at least 1.2 h·mg/L, at least 1.4 h·mg/L, at least 1.6 h·mg/L, at least 1.8 h·mg/L, at least 2.0 h·mg/L, at least 2.3 h·mg/L, at least about 2.6 h·mg/L, at least about 2.9 h·mg/L, at least 3.2 h·mg/L, at least 3.5 h·mg/L, at least 3.8 h·mg/L, at least 4.1 h·mg/L, at least 4.4 h·mg/L, at least 4.7 h·mg/L, at least 5.0 h·mg/L, at least 5.3 h·mg/L, at least 5.6 h·mg/L, at least 5.9 h·mg/L, at least 6.2 h·mg/L, at least 6.5 h·mg/L, at least 6.8 h·mg/L, at least 7.1 h·mg/L, at least 7.4 h·mg/L, at least 7.7 h·mg/L, at least 8.0 h·mg/L, at least 8.3 h·mg/L, at least 8.6 h·mg/L, at least 8.9 h·mg/L, at least 9.2 h·mg/L, at least 9.5 h·mg/L, at least 9.8 h·mg/L, at least 10.1 h·mg/L, at least 10.4·h·mg/L, at least 10.7 h·mg/L, at least 11.0 h·mg/L, at least 11.3 h·mg/L, at least 11.6 h·mg/L, at least 11.9 h·mg/L, at least 12.2 h·mg/L, at least 12.5 h·mg/L, at least 12.8 h·mg/L, at least 13.1 h·mg/L, at least 13.3 h·mg/L, at least 13.6 h·mg/L, at least 13.9 h·mg/L, at least 14.2 h·mg/L, at least 14.5 h·mg/L, at least 14.8 h·mg/L, or at least 15.2 h·mg/L.

In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→12h) ranging from about 1.0 h·mg/L to about 5.5 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→12h) ranging from about 1.0 h·mg/L to about 2.5 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→12h) ranging from about 2.6 h·mg/L to about 5.5 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→12h) of at least about 1.0 h·mg/L, at least 1.2 h·mg/L, at least 1.4 h·mg/L, at least 1.6 h·mg/L, at least 1.8 h·mg/L, at least 2.0 h·mg/L, at least 2.1 h·mg/L, at least 2.2 h·mg/L, at least 2.3 h·mg/L, at least 2.4 h·mg/L, at least 2.5 h·mg/L, at least 2.6 h·mg/L, at least 2.7 h·mg/L, at least 2.8 h·mg/L, at least 2.9 h·mg/L, at least 3 h·mg/L, at least 3.1 h·mg/L, at least 3.2 h·mg/L, at least 3.3 h·mg/L, at least 3.4 h·mg/L, at least 3.5 h·mg/L, at least 3.6 h·mg/L, at least 3.7 h·mg/L, at least 3.8 h·mg/L, at least 3.9 h·mg/L, at least 4 h·mg/L, at least 4.1 h·mg/L, at least 4.2 h·mg/L, at least 4.3 h·mg/L, at least 4.4 h·mg/L, at least 4.5 h·mg/L, at least 4.6 h·mg/L, at least 4.7 h·mg/L, at least 4.8 h·mg/L, at least 4.9 h·mg/L, at least 5 h·mg/L, at least 5.1 h·mg/L, at least 5.2 h·mg/L, at least 5.3 h·mg/L, at least 5.4 h·mg/L, or at least 5.5 h·mg/L.

In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→∞) ranging from about 1.0 h·mg/L to about 5.6 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→∞) ranging from about 1.0 h·mg/L to about 2.5 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→∞) ranging from about 2.6 h·mg/L to about 5.5 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→∞) of at least about 1.0 h·mg/L, at least 1.2 h·mg/L, at least 1.4 h·mg/L, at least 1.6 h·mg/L, at least 1.8 h·mg/L, at least 2 h·mg/L, at least 2.1 h·mg/L, at least 2.2 h·mg/L, at least 2.3 h·mg/L, at least 2.4 h·mg/L, at least 2.5 h·mg/L, at least 2.6 h·mg/L, at least 2.7 h·mg/L, at least 2.8 h·mg/L, at least 2.9 h·mg/L, at least 3 h·mg/L, at least 3.1 h·mg/L, at least 3.2 h·mg/L, at least 3.3 h·mg/L, at least 3.4 h·mg/L, at least 3.5 h·mg/L, at least 3.6 h·mg/L, at least 3.7 h·mg/L, at least 3.8 h·mg/L, at least 3.9 h·mg/L, at least 4 h·mg/L, at least 4.1 h·mg/L, at least 4.2 h·mg/L, at least 4.3 h·mg/L, at least 4.4 h·mg/L, at least 4.5 h·mg/L, at least 4.6 h·mg/L, at least 4.7 h·mg/L, at least 4.8 h·mg/L, at least 4.9 h·mg/L, at least 5 h·mg/L, at least 5.1 h·mg/L, at least 5.2 h·mg/L, at least 5.3 h·mg/L, at least 5.4 h·mg/L, at least 5.5 h·mg/L, or at least 5.6 h·mg/L.

In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) ranging from about 1.5 hours to about 8.5 hours, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) ranging from about 1.6 hours to about 2.5 hours, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) ranging from about 2.6 hours to about 5 hours, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) ranging from about 5.1 hours to about 7.5 hours, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) ranging from about 7.6 hours to about 8.5 hours, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In one aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 170 mg to about 220 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) of at least 1.6 hours, at least 1.8 hours, at least 2 hours, at least 2.2 hours, at least 2.4 hours, at least 2.6 hours, at least 2.8 hours, at least 3 hours, at least 3.2 hours, at least 3.4 hours, at least 3.6 hours, at least 3.8 hours, at least 4 hours, at least 4.2 hours, at least 4.4 hours, at least 4.6 hours, at least 4.8 hours, at least 5 hours, at least 5.2 hours, at least 5.4 hours, at least 5.6 hours, at least 5.8 hours, at least 6 hours, at least 6.2 hours, at least 6.4 hours, at least 6.6 hours, at least 6.8 hours, at least 7 hours, at least 7.2 hours, at least 7.4 hours, at least 7.6 hours, at least 7.8 hours, at least 8 hours, at least 8.2 hours, or at least 8.4 hours.

In one embodiment described herein, a subject is administered a capsule containing about 340 mg to about 440 mg FAE, once daily for a total daily dose of about 340 mg to about 440 mg, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In one aspect, the pharmaceutical composition comprises an immediate release, delayed release, controlled release, or extended release formulation of a fumarate ester. In another aspect, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a soft capsule. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 0.4 mg/L to about 5.2 mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 1.5 mg/L to about 5.2 mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 0.4 mg/L to about 0.75 mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 0.76 mg/L to about 1.03 mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 1.04 mg/L to about 1.75 mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 1.75 mg/L to about 2.41 mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 2.42 mg/L to about 3.5 mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) ranging from about 3.6 mg/L to about 5.2 mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) of at least about 1.0 mg/L, at least 1.1 mg/L, at least 1.2 mg/L, at least 1.3 mg/L, at least 1.4 mg/L, at least 1.5 mg/L, at least 1.6 mg/L, at least 1.7 mg/L, at least 1.8 mg/L, at least 1.9 mg/L, at least 2.0 mg/L, at least 2.1 mg/L, at least 2.2 mg/L, at least 2.3 mg/L, at least 2.4 mg/L, at least 2.5 mg/L, at least 2.6 mg/L, at least 2.7 mg/L, at least 2.8 mg/L, at least 2.9 mg/L, at least 3.0 mg/L, at least 3.1 mg/L, at least 3.2 mg/L, at least 3.3 mg/L, at least 3.4 mg/L, at least 3.5 mg/L, at least 3.6 mg/L, at least 3.7 mg/L, at least 3.8 mg/L, at least 3.9 mg/L, at least 4.0 mg/L, at least 4.1 mg/L, at least 4.2 mg/L, at least 4.3 mg/L, at least 4.4 mg/L, at least 4.5 mg/L, at least 4.6 mg/L, at least 4.7 mg/L, at least 4.8 mg/L, at least 4.9 mg/L, at least 5.0 mg/L, or at least 5.1 mg/L

In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→12h) ranging from about 1.0 h·mg/L to about 15.5 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→12h) ranging from about 1.0 h·mg/L to about 2.5 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→12h) ranging from about 2.6 h·mg/L to about 5.5 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→12h) ranging from about 5.6 h·mg/L to about 7.5 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→12h) ranging from about 7.6 h·mg/L to about 10.5 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→12h) ranging from about 10.5 h·mg/L to about 15.5 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→12h) of at least about 1.0 h·mg/L, at least 1.2 h·mg/L, at least 1.4 h·mg/L, at least 1.6 h·mg/L, at least 1.8 h·mg/L, at least 2.0 h·mg/L, at least 2.3 h·mg/L, at least 2.6 h·mg/L, at least 2.9 h·mg/L, at least 3.2 h·mg/L, at least 3.5 h·mg/L, at least 3.8 h·mg/L, at least 4.1 h·mg/L, at least 4.4 h·mg/L, at least 4.7 h·mg/L, at least 5 h·mg/L, at least 5.3 h·mg/L, at least 5.6 h·mg/L, at least 5.9 h·mg/L, at least 6.2 h·mg/L, at least 6.5 h·mg/L, at least 6.8 h·mg/L, at least 7.1 h·mg/L, at least 7.4 h·mg/L, at least 7.7 h·mg/L, at least 8.0 h·mg/L, at least 8.3 h·mg/L, at least 8.6 h·mg/L, at least 8.9 h·mg/L, at least 9.2 h·mg/L, at least 9.5 h·mg/L, at least 9.8 h·mg/L, at least 10.1 h·mg/L, at least 10.4 h·mg/L, at least 10.7 h·mg/L, at least 11.0 h·mg/L, at least 11.3 h·mg/L, at least 11.6 h·mg/L, at least 11.9 h·mg/L, at least 12.2 h·mg/L, at least 12.5 h·mg/L, at least 12.8 h·mg/L, at least 13.1 h·mg/L, at least 13.4 h·mg/L, at least 13.7 h·mg/L, at least 14 h·mg/L, at least 14.3 h·mg/L, at least 14.6 h·mg/L, at least 14.9 h·mg/L, at least 15.2 h·mg/L, or at least 15.5 h·mg/L.

In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→∞) ranging from about 1.0 h·mg/L to about 15.5 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→∞) ranging from about 1.5 h·mg/L to about 2.5 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→∞) ranging from about 2.6 h·mg/L to about 5.5 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→∞) ranging from about 5.6 h·mg/L to about 7.5 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→∞) ranging from about 7.6 h·mg/L to about 11.5 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→∞) ranging from about 10.5 h·mg/L to about 15.5 h·mg/L, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→∞) of at least about 1.0 h·mg/L, at least 1.2 h·mg/L, at least 1.4 h·mg/L, at least 1.6 h·mg/L, at least 1.8 h·mg/L, at least 2.0 h·mg/L, at least 2.3 h·mg/L, at least 2.6 h·mg/L, at least 2.9 h·mg/L, at least 3.2 h·mg/L, at least 3.5 h·mg/L, at least 3.8 h·mg/L, at least 4.1 h·mg/L, at least 4.4 h·mg/L, at least 4.7 h·mg/L, at least 5 h·mg/L, at least 5.3 h·mg/L, at least 5.6 h·mg/L, at least 5.9 h·mg/L, at least 6.2 h·mg/L, at least 6.5 h·mg/L, at least 6.8 h·mg/L, at least 7.1 h·mg/L, at least 7.4 h·mg/L, at least 7.7 h·mg/L, at least 8.0 h·mg/L, at least 8.3 h·mg/L, at least 8.6 h·mg/L, at least 8.9 h·mg/L, at least 9.2 h·mg/L, at least 9.5 h·mg/L, at least 9.8 h·mg/L, at least 10.1 h·mg/L, at least 10.4 h·mg/L, at least 10.7 h·mg/L, at least 11.0 h·mg/L, at least 11.3 h·mg/L, at least 11.6 h·mg/L, at least 11.9 h·mg/L, at least 12.2 h·mg/L, at least 12.5 h·mg/L, at least 12.8 h·mg/L, at least 13.1 h·mg/L, at least 13.4 h·mg/L, at least 13.7 h·mg/L, at least 14 h·mg/L, at least 14.3 h·mg/L, at least 14.6 h·mg/L, at least 14.9 h·mg/L, at least 15.2 h·mg/L, or at least 15.5 h·mg/L.

In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) ranging from about 1.5 hours to about 10.5 hours including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) ranging from about 1.6 hours to about 2.5 hours, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) ranging from about 2.6 hours to about 5 hours, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) ranging from about 5.1 hours to about 7.5 hours, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) ranging from about 7.6 hours to about 8.5 hours, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) ranging from about 8.6 hours to about 10.6 hours, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges. In another aspect, the composition is provided in a dosage form containing a total amount of about 340 mg to about 440 mg of a fumarate ester, wherein subjects administered the dose form once daily exhibit a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) of at least 1.6 hours, at least 1.8 hours, at least 2 hours, at least 2.2 hours, at least 2.4 hours, at least 2.6 hours, at least 2.8 hours, at least 3 hours, at least 3.2 hours, at least 3.4 hours, at least 3.6 hours, at least 3.8 hours, at least 4 hours, at least 4.2 hours, at least 4.4 hours, at least 4.6 hours, at least 4.8 hours, at least 5 hours, at least 5.2 hours, at least 5.4 hours, at least 5.6 hours, at least 5.8 hours, at least 6 hours, at least 6.2 hours, at least 6.4 hours, at least 6.6 hours, at least 6.8 hours, at least 7 hours, at least 7.2 hours, at least 7.4 hours, at least 7.6 hours, at least 7.8 hours, at least 8 hours, at least 8.2 hours, at least 8.4 hours, at least 8.6 hours, at least 8.8 hours, at least 9.0 hours, at least 9.2 hours, at least 9.4 hours, at least 9.6 hours, at least 9.8 hours, at least 10 hours, at least 10.2 hours, at least 10.4 hours, or at least 10.6 hours.

Another embodiment described herein is a pharmaceutical composition for treating, prophylaxis, or amelioration of general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorders, comprising a fumarate ester, wherein the composition exhibits an in vitro dissolution rate (% dissolution per minute) at pH 6.8, as described herein in any one of Drawings 2-14, 16, or 20-23.

Another embodiment described herein is a pharmaceutical composition for treating, prophylaxis, or amelioration of general autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorders, including but not limited to multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, comprising a fumarate ester, wherein the composition exhibits an in vitro dissolution rate comprising about 10% to about 80% dissolution after about 5 minutes to about 480 minutes at pH 6.8, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges of dissolution and time. In another aspect, the in vitro dissolution rate at pH 6.8 is about 50% after about 20 minutes to about 1080 minutes, including all integers and fractions within the specified ranges of dissolution and time. In one aspect, the in vitro dissolution rate at pH 6.8 is about 50% after about 5 min, is about 50% after about 10 min, about 50% after about 20 min, about 50% after about 30 min, about 50% after about 40 min, about 50% after about 50 min, about 50% after about 60 min, about 50% after about 70 min, about 50% after about 80 min, about 50% after about 90 min, about 50% after about 120 min, about 50% after about 150 min, about 50% after about 180 min, about 50% after about 210 min, about 50% after about 240 min, about 50% after about 300 min, is about 50% after about 330 min, about 50% after about 360 min, is about 50% after about 390 min, about 50% after about 420 min, about 50% after about 480 min, about 50% after about 540 min, about 50% after about 600 min, about 50% after about 660 min, about 50% after about 720 min, about 50% after about 780 min, about 50% after about 840 min, about 50% after about 900 min, about 50% after about 960 min, or about 50% after 1080 min. In another aspect, the in vitro dissolution rate at pH 6.8 is about 50% after about 0.5 hour, about 50% after about 1 hour, about 50% after about 2 hours, about 50% after about 3 hours, about 50% after about 4 hours, about 50% after about 5 hours, about 50% after about 6 hours, about 50% after about 7 hours, about 50% after about 8 hours, about 50% after about 9 hours, about 50% after about 10 hours, about 50% after about 11 hours, about 50% after about 12 hours, about 50% after about 13 hours, about 50% after about 14 hours, about 50% after about 15 hours, about 50% after about 16 hours, about 50% after about 17 hours, or about 50% after about 18 hours. In one aspect, the in vitro dissolution rate at pH 6.8 is about 50% after about 10 minutes. In another aspect, the in vitro dissolution rate at pH 6.8 is about 50% after about 20 minutes. In another aspect, the in vitro dissolution rate at pH 6.8 is about 50% after about 45 minutes. In another aspect, the in vitro dissolution rate at pH 6.8 is about 50% after about 60 minutes. In one aspect, the in vitro dissolution rate at pH 6.8 is about 50% after about 120 minutes. In another aspect, the in vitro dissolution rate at pH 6.8 is about 50% after about 180 minutes. In another aspect, the in vitro dissolution rate at pH 6.8 is about 50% after about 240 minutes. In one aspect, the in vitro dissolution rate at pH 6.8 is about 50% after about 480 minutes.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for manufacturing an oral pharmaceutical composition comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) introducing mono- and di-glycerides into a 200 L mixing         vessel, adding polyvinylpyrrolidone, and mixing at 400±200 rpm         at 60±5° C. for not less than 30 min until the solution is         clear;     -   (b) adding polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil and mixing the         solution at 400±200 rpm at 60±5° C. for not less than 30 min         until the solution is clear;     -   (c) adding lactic acid and mixing at 400±200 rpm at 60±5° C. for         not less than 30 min until uniformly blended;     -   (d) cooling the solution in 200 L tank to 25±5° C. while mixing         at 400±200 rpm (a placebo fill can be removed at this step);     -   (e) vacuum transferring the solution to a 500 L vacuum deaerator         at 20±5° C. and mixing under vacuum for no less than 5 min;     -   (f) introducing solid particles of the fumarate ester API (PSD:         40-150 μm) into the deaerator vessel and homogenizing the         suspension for no less than 15 min;     -   (g) vacuum transferring the suspension to a 200 L medicine tank         and deaerating no less than 30 min at 20±5° C.; and     -   (h) homogenizing to form a final suspension at 10-50 rpm.

When the pharmaceutical composition is encapsulated in a soft capsule, the following steps are included:

-   -   (i) preparing a gel mass composition comprising a film-forming,         water-soluble polymer, an appropriate plasticizer, and solvent;     -   (j) casting the gel mass into films or ribbons using         heat-controlled drums or surfaces;     -   (k) transferring the homogenized suspension (h) to an         encapsulation line;     -   (l) encapsulating the homogenized fill solution within the gell         mass films or ribbons using rotary dye encapsulation;     -   (m) drying and finishing capsules;     -   (n) optionally, pre-coating capsules with a sub-coating and         drying;     -   (o) optionally, coating capsules with a coating and drying;     -   (p) optionally, coating capsules with a top coating and drying;         and     -   (q) post processing and packaging.

An analagous process can be used to produce pharmaceutical compositions comprising soybean oil where steps (a)-(c) above are replaced with (r) and (s):

-   -   (r) introducing soybean oil into a 200 L mixing vessel and         mixing at 400±200 rpm at 60±5° C. for not less than 30 min until         the solution is clear;     -   (s) optionally, adding lactic acid and mixing at 400±200 rpm at         60±5° C. for not less than 30 min until uniformly blended;     -   and then resuming with step (d). If lactic acid is omitted from         the formulation, then step (s) is omitted and the process has         step (r) followed by step (d).

When pharmaceutical composition is encapsulated in a hard capsule, the following steps are included instead of (i)-(q) for soft capsules:

-   -   (i) preparing a gel mass composition comprising a film-forming,         water-soluble polymer, an appropriate plasticizer, and solvent;     -   (j) using the gel mass to form hard capsules via dip-molding and         spinning, drying, stripping, and trimming the capsules,     -   (k) transferring the homogenized suspension (h) to an         encapsulation line;     -   (l) filling the capsules with the homogenized suspension;     -   (m) capping and finishing the capsules;     -   (n) optionally, pre-coating capsules with a sub-coating and         drying;     -   (o) optionally, coating capsules with a coating and drying;     -   (p) optionally, coating capsules with a top coating and drying;         and     -   (q) post processing and packaging.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating a neurological disease, neurodegenerative disease, autoimmune disease, or an iatrogenic disease or disorder comprising orally administering one or more doses of one or more fumarate esters described herein to a patient in need thereof, wherein the administration activates or modulates one or more cellular signaling pathways. In one aspect, the cellular signaling pathway comprises the nuclear erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2) dependent antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway. Without being bound by any theory, it is believed that at least one aspect of the pharmacological activity of the fumarate esters described herein exert an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effect in patients with, for example, multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, by activating the Nrf2 cellular signaling pathway. Although not completely understood, the Nrf2 pathway is involved in the cellular response to oxidative stress, which has been linked to neuronal degeneration in multiple sclerosis and in other neurodegenerative or autoimmune diseases (e.g., HIV), see, e.g., Gao et al., Clin. Pharmacol. 6:19-34 (2014), which is incorporated by reference herein for its teachings thereof.

It is currently thought that under basal conditions, Nrf2 is sequestered in the cytoplasm to the actin-bound Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). Keap1 associates with the Cullin3 ubiquitin ligase adaptor protein, which positions Keap1 and its substrate in proximity (e.g., NRF2) to the E3 ubiquitin ligase Rbx1. Thus, under normal conditions, the substrate (Nrf2) is polyubiquitinated and targeted for degradation. In response to oxidative stress, Nrf2 is released from the Keap1/Nrf2 complex, preventing its degradation resulting in the concommitant translocation of NRF2 to the nucleus and activation of ARE-mediated gene transcription. Based on this understanding, any of the non-limiting methods for determining the activation of Nrf2 may be used that are further described herein. See U.S. Pat. No. 8,399,514, which is incorporated by reference herein for its teachings thereof.

Nrf2 activation may be determined by assessing the in vitro activation levels of Nrf2 and/or Nrf2 mRNA or protein expression levels. The sequence of the promoter region of the Nrf2 gene (−1065 to −35) is known. In vitro Nrf2 activation may be measured using a cell model system transfected or transduced with an expression construct containing the Nrf2 promoter element described above and an artificial reporter gene (e.g., luciferase or a fluorescent reporter gene (GFP, RFP, YFP etc.,). See, e.g., Chan et al., Proc. Natl. Aacd. Sci. USA 93:13943-13948 (1996) and Kwak et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 22(9):2883-2892 (2002), each of which is incorporated by reference herein for their teachings thereof. Nrf2 activation may be assessed by measuring reporter gene expression in treated vs. non-treated cells using standard imaging or fluorescence quantification techniques. Alternatively, PCR (e.g., qRT-PCR) or Northern blotting may be used to determine expression levels of Nrf2 mRNA, or Western blotting to determine Nrf2 protein levels. See, e.g., Kwak et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 22(9):2883-2892 (2002) and Kwak et al., Mol. Med. 7:135-145 (2001), each of which is incorporated by reference herein for their teachings thereof. Antibodies against Nrf2 are can be produced by methods known in the art and are commercially available from, for example, Stressgen®, Enzo Life Sciences.

In addition, Nrf2 activation may be assessed by determining the subcellular localization and/or nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in treated vs. non-treated cells. Such assays include cell staining, or analysis of cytoplasmic versus nuclear cell extracts. For example, an Nrf2-green fluorescence protein (GFP) fusion protein construct can be introduced into cells and visualized as described in, e.g., Kraft et al., J. Neurosci. 24:1101-1112 (2004) and in Satoh et al., Proc. Natl. Aacd. Sci. USA 103(3):768-773 (2006).

Nrf2 activation may be determined through indirect measurement of the expression levels and/or activity of one or more genes under the control of Nrf2 in treated vs. non-treated cells. For example, the expression levels of NADPH dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1) may be determined using, for example, qRT-PCR, Northern blotting, or Western blotting, see, e.g., Wierinckx et al., J. Neuroimmunology 166:132-143 (2005). Methods for measuring enzymatic activity of NQO1, using menadione as a substrate, are described in Dinkova-Kostova et al., Proc. Natl. Aacd. Sci. USA 98:3404-09 (2001).

The cell type being contacted with the one or more fumarate esters described herein may comprise a neuron or a neuronal cell line, a colon carcinoma cell line (e.g., DLD1), a neuroblastoma cell line (e.g., SkNSH or IMR32), or a primary immune cell (e.g., a monocyte or T-lymphocyte or B-lymphocyte). The cell may be a cell in culture (in vitro) or be inside of a mammal (in vivo). Alternatively, endogenous Nrf2 activation may be determined by measuring the levels of Nrf2 or a Nrf2 regulated gene (e.g., NQO1) in a primary cell or cell population (e.g., a monocyte, T-lymphocyte, or neuronal cell) taken from a human patient having neurological disease, neurodegenerative disease, or autoimmune disease (e.g., multiple sclerosis or psoriasis).

It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the relevant art that suitable modifications and adaptations to the compositions, formulations, methods, processes, and applications described herein can be made without departing from the scope of any embodiments or aspects thereof. The compositions and methods provided are exemplary and are not intended to limit the scope of any of the specified embodiments. All of the various embodiments, aspects, and options disclosed herein can be combined in any and all variations or iterations. The scope of the compositions, formulations, methods, and processes described herein include all actual or potential combinations of embodiments, aspects, options, examples, and preferences herein described. The exemplary compositions and formulations described herein may omit any component, substitute any component disclosed herein, or include any component disclosed elsewhere herein. The ratios of the mass of any component of any of the compositions or formulations disclosed herein to the mass of any other component in the formulation or to the total mass of the other components in the formulation are hereby disclosed as if they were expressly disclosed. Should the meaning of any terms in any of the patents or publications incorporated by reference conflict with the meaning of the terms used in this disclosure, the meanings of the terms or phrases in this disclosure are controlling. Furthermore, the foregoing discussion discloses and describes merely exemplary embodiments. All patents and publications cited herein are incorporated by reference herein for the specific teachings thereof.

EXAMPLES Example 1

DMF Enteric Soft Capsule Fills

Based on results of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) solubility testing in various lipid or lipophilic vehicles (data not shown), two formulations were selected for further studies and encapsulated in enteric soft gelatin capsules: one having polyethylene glycol and one with medium chain mono- and diglycerides. Organic acids such as caprylic acid, lactic acid, or oleic acid, were incorporated into the matrix fill to prevent the hydrolysis of dimethyl fumarate and to retain enteric properties of the shell. Application batches of enteric soft capsules were prepared by rotary die encapsulation using the fill compositions shown in Table 10.

TABLE 10 DMF Fill Compositions Capmul ® MCM Matrix PEG Matrix (A413-A) (A413-B) Ingredient mg/capsule % wt mg/capsule % wt Dimethyl Fumarate 240 32.0 240 32.0 (Mean PSD: 80 μm) Capmul ® MCM 367.5 49.0 PEG 400 — — 382.5 51.0 Povidone K30 52.5 7.0 37.5 5.0 Tween ® 80 75 10.0 75 10.0 Lactic acid 15 2.0 15 2.0 TOTAL 750 100% 750 100%

The enteric soft capsules comprising the matrix formulations shown in Table 9 were subject to two-stage dissolution experiments in a USP Apparatus II (e.g., paddle method at 100 rpm). For these experiments, the capsules were introduced in to simulated gastric fluid, 0.1 N HCl, pH 1.2, for 2 hours. After 2 hours, the capsules were transferred to simulated intestinal fluid, phosphate buffer, pH 6.8. The results are shown in FIG. 2. The results show that the capsules retain their enteric properties for at least 2 hours in simulated gastric fluid at pH 1.2. Both types of capsules released DMF shortly (˜10 minutes) after being transferred to simulated intestinal fluid, pH 6.8. The enteric soft capsules comprising matrices comprising PEG 400 released DMF more rapidly than those comprising Capmul® MCM (ABITEC Corp.; medium chain mono- and di-glycerides).

Example 2

Stability of the Enteric Soft Capsules Over Time

The temporal stability of the dimethyl fumarate enteric soft capsule fill formulation shown in Table 11 was assessed. A sample of DMF enteric soft capsules was subjected to accelerated aging by a 1 month of exposure to 40° C. and 75% relative humidity conditions and then evaluated in two-stage dissolution experiment. A second sample of DMF enteric soft capsules was subject to two-stage dissolution shortly after manufacturing. Both sets of enteric capsules remained intact in the acidic conditions for at least 2 hours. FIG. 3. The freshly manufactured capsules released DMF slightly faster than the age-accelerated capsules when the pH was shifted to 6.8 (phosphate buffer).

TABLE 11 DMF Fill Composition Ingredient mg/capsule % weight Dimethyl fumarate 240 32.0 (Mean PSD: 80 μm) Capmul ® MCM 367.5 49.0 Povidone K 30 52.5 7.0 Tween ® 80 75 10.0 Lactic acid 15 2.0 TOTAL 750 mg 100%

Example 3

DMF Release in Enteric Soft Capsules

A developmental batch of enteric soft capsules comprising a Capmul® MCM matrix containing particles of dimethyl fumarate (Table 11) was subject to two-stage dissolution at pH 1.2 in simulated gastric fluid for 2 hours, then the buffer was changed to phosphate buffer, pH 6.8, containing 2% Cremophor® RH 40. FIG. 4. The enteric capsules remained intact in the acidic condition, and then began releasing DMF within 20 minutes of the pH-shift to simulated intestinal fluid.

Example 4

Surfactants Affect DMF Release Rate

Enteric soft capsules were prepared with matrices comprising 10% Tween® 80 (Uniqema, ICI Americas Inc; polyoxyethylene (80) sorbitan monooleate; e.g., polysorbate 80) or 10% Cremophor® RH 40 (BASF SE; polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil) (Table 12) and then tested in dissolution experiments at pH 6.8. FIG. 5. The enteric soft capsules with fills containing Cremophor® released DMF much more rapidly than those containing Tween® 80.

TABLE 12 DMF Fill Compositions Cremophor ® RH 40 Tween ® 80 Matrix Matrix Ingredient mg/capsule % wt mg/capsule % wt Dimethyl Fumarate 240 32.0 240 32.0 (Mean PSD: 80 μm) Capmul ® MCM 367.5 49.0 367.5 49.0 Povidone K 30 52.5 7.0 52.5 7.0 Tween ® 80 75 10.0 — — Cremophor ® RH 40 — — 75 10.0 Lactic acid 15 2.0 15 2.0 TOTAL 750 100% 750 100%

Example 5

Polyvinylpyrrolidone Concentration Affects DMF Release Rate

Enteric soft capsules prepared containing fills with of 3% or 5% concentrations of Povidone K30 (e.g., PVP; 30,000 average MW) (Table 13) were tested in dissolution experiments at pH 6.8. FIG. 6. The enteric soft capsules with matrices containing 5% Povidone K30 released DMF more rapidly at pH 6.8 than those with fills containing 3% Povidone K30.

TABLE 13 DMF Fill Compositions 3% PVP 5% PVP Ingredient mg/capsule % wt mg/capsule % wt Dimethyl Fumarate 240 32.0 240 32.0 (Mean PSD: 80 μm) Capmul ® MCM 397.5 53 382.5 51 Cremophor ® RH 40 75 10.0 75 10.0 Povidone K 30 22.5 3.0 37.5 5.0 Lactic acid 15 2.0 15 2.0 TOTAL 750 100% 750 100% Viscosity: 43191 Cp 122000 Cp

Based on the foregoing formulation studies, the Capmul® MCM-based formulation was selected for further analysis. A batch was manufactured using the formulation below (Table 14).

TABLE 14 DMF Fill Composition Ingredient mg/capsule % weight Dimethyl Fumarate 240 32 (Mean PSD: 80 μm) Capmul ® MCM 375 50 Cremophor ® RH 40 75 10 Povidone K 30 52.5 7 Lactic acid 15 2 TOTAL 750 mg 100%

Example 6

DMF Enteric Soft Capsules are Amenable to Controlled or Extended Release

The release profile of DMF is modified by varying the enteric soft capsule shell composition or by altering the fill composition or particle size of the active ingredient. Three different release profiles were observed under two-stage dissolution experiments. All enteric soft capsules were resistant to acid for at least 2 hours, and begin releasing DMF upon transition to pH 6.8. FIG. 7. A release profile was observed in an enteric soft capsule comprising a matrix of Capmul® MCM and Cremophor® RH 40 (Table 15; Release Profile 1). A different release profile was observed with an enteric soft capsule shell comprising a Capmul® MCM and Tween® 80 matrix (Table 11; Release Profile 2). Another release profile was observed with an enteric soft capsule shell comprising a matrix of soybean oil, Tween® 80, and solid particles of DMF having a mean particle distribution size of 148 μm (Table 16; Release Profile 3).

TABLE 15 DMF Fill Composition (P31) Ingredient mg/capsule % weight Dimethyl fumarate 240 32.0 (Mean PSD: 80 μm) Capmul ® MCM 367.5 49.0 Cremophor ® RH 40 75 10.0 Povidone K 30 52.5 7.0 Lactic acid 15 2.0 TOTAL 750 mg 100%

TABLE 16 DMF Fill Composition (P6) Ingredient mg/capsule % weight Dimethyl fumarate 240 43.6 (Mean PSD 148 μm) Soybean oil 285.25 51.9 Aerosil 200 75 10.0 Tween ® 80 11 2.0 Caprylic acid 11 2.0 TOTAL 550 mg 100%

Example 7

DMF Particle Size Affects Release Rate

Enteric soft capsules comprising matrices with DMF particles of differing mean particle size distributions as shown in Table 17 were subject to dissolution at pH 6.8. FIG. 8.

TABLE 17 Matrices with Varying DMF Particle Sizes Formulation A (P7) B (P8) C (P9) Ingredient mg/capsule % weight mg/capsule % weight mg/capsule % weight DMF Mean PSD: 240 43.6 — — — — 168 μm DMF Mean PSD: — — 240 43.6 — — 148 μm DMF Mean PSD: — — — — 240 43.6 90 μm PEG 400 244 44.4 244 44.4 244 44.4 Povidone K30 — — — — — — Tween ® 80  55 10  55 10  55 10 Caprylic acid  11 2  11 2  11 2 Lactic acid — — — — — — TOTAL 550 100 550 100 550 100 Formulation D (P25) E (P15) F (P23) Ingredient mg/capsule % weight mg/capsule % weight mg/capsule % weight DMF Mean PSD: 240  34.3 — — — — 76 μm DMF Mean PSD: — — 240 28.2 240  28.2 26 μm PEG 400 355  50.7 508 59.8 482  56.8 Povidone K30 21 3 — — 26 3 Tween ® 80 70 10  85 10 85 10 Caprylic acid — —  17 2 17 2 Lactic acid 14 2 — — — — TOTAL 700  100 850 100 850  100

Example 8

Enteric soft capsules comprising various matrices comprising DMF particles having particle size distribution of d90≤90 μm were prepared and analyzed in two stage (pH 1.2 and pH 6.8) or single stage (pH 6.8) dissolution experiments (data not shown). (Tables 18-20).

TABLE 18 Various DMF Fill Compositions Formulation A (P32) B (P33) C (P34) Ingredient mg/capsule % weight mg/capsule % weight mg/capsule % weight DMF 240 32.0 240 32.0 240 32.0 PSD: d90 ≤ 90 μm Capmul ® MCM 360 48.0 322.5 43.0 352.5 47.0 Cremophor ® RH 40 112.5 15.0 150 20.0 112.5 15.0 Lactic acid 37.5 5.0 37.5 5.0 37.5 5.0 TOTAL 750 100 750 100 750 100 D (P35) E (P37) F (P38) Ingredient mg/capsule % weight mg/capsule % weight mg/capsule % weight DMF 240 32.0 240 32.0 240 32.0 PSD: d90 ≤ 90 μm Capmul ® MCM 315 42.0 360 48.0 360 48.0 Cremophor ® RH 40 150 20.0 75 10.0 75 10.0 Lactic acid 37.5 5.0 37.5 5.0 37.5 5.0 Povidone K 30 7.5 1.0 — — — — PEG 400 — — 37.5 5.0 — — Polypropylene glycol — — — — 37.5 5.0 TOTAL 750 100 750 100 750 100 G (P39) H (P41) I (P43) Ingredient mg/capsule % weight mg/capsule % weight mg/capsule % weight DMF 240 28.2 240 28.2 240 28.2 PSD: d90 ≤ 90 μm Capmul ® MCM 482.5 56.8 397.5 46.8 397.5 46.8 Cremophor ® RH 40 85 10.0 85 10.0 — — Lactic acid 42.5 5.0 42.5 5.0 42.5 5.0 Labrasol ® — — 85 10.0 170 20.0 TOTAL 850 100 850 100 850 100

TABLE 19 Various DMF Fill Compositions Formulation A (P44) B (P45) C (P46) Ingredient mg/capsule % weight mg/capsule % weight mg/capsule % weight DMF 240 28.2 240 28.2 240 28.2 PSD: d90 ≤ 90 μm Capmul ® MCM 372 43.8 355 41.8 329.5 38.8 Cremophor ® RH 40 85 10.0 85 10.0 85 10.0 Lactic acid 42.5 5.0 42.5 5.0 42.5 5.0 Labrasol ® 85 10.0 85 10.0 85 10.0 Povidone K 30 25.5 3.0 — — 25.5 3.0 Mannitol — — 42.5 5.0 42.5 5.0 TOTAL 850 100 850 100 850 100 D (P47) E (P48) F (P49) Ingredient mg/capsule % weight mg/capsule % weight mg/capsule % weight DMF 240 28.2 240 28.2 240 28.2 PSD: d90 ≤ 90 μm Capmul ® MCM 384.75 45.3 284.195 33.43 312.5 36.76 Cremophor ® RH 40 85 10.0 85 10.0 85 10.0 Lactic acid 42.5 5.0 42.5 5.0 42.5 5.0 Povidone K 30 12.75 1.5 — — — — Labrasol ® — — 85 10.0 85 10.0 PEG 3350 85 10.0 113.305 13.33 85 10.00 TOTAL 850 100 850 100 850 100 G (P50) H (P51) I (P52) Ingredient mg/capsule % weight mg/capsule % weight mg/capsule % weight DMF 240 28.2 240 28.2 240 28.2 PSD: d90 ≤ 90 μm Capmul ® MCM 333.75 39.26 287 33.76 333.75 39.26 Cremophor ® RH 40 85 10.0 85 10.00 85 10.00 Lactic acid 42.5 5.0 42.5 5.0 42.5 5.0 Labrasol ® 85 10.0 85 10.0 85 10.00 PEG 3350 63.75 7.50 — — — — Povidone K 17 — — 25.5 3.00 — — Mannitol — — 85 10.00 — — Crospovidone-CL — — — — 63.75 7.50 TOTAL 850 100 850 100 850 100

TABLE 20 Various DMF Fill Compositions Formulation A (P53) B (P54) C (P55) Ingredient mg/capsule % weight mg/capsule % weight mg/capsule % weight DMF 240 28.24 240 28.24 240 28.24 PSD: d90 ≤ 90 μm Capmul ® MCM 397.5 46.76 397.5 46.76 390.7 45.96 Cremophor ® RH 40 85 10.00 85 10.00 85 10.00 Lactic acid 42.5 5.00 42.5 5.00 42.5 5.00 PEG 3350 85 10.00 — — — — PEG 400 — — — — 42.5 5.00 Lutrol ® F 68 — — 85 10.00 — — Sodium lauryl sulfate — — — — 49.3 5.80 TOTAL 850 100 850 100 850 100 D (P56) E (P57) F (P58) Ingredient mg/capsule % weight mg/capsule % weight mg/capsule % weight DMF 240 28.24 240 28.24 240 28.24 PSD: d90 ≤ 90 μm Capmul ® MCM 355 41.76 363.5 42.76 355 41.76 Cremophor ® RH 40 85 10.00 85 10.00 85 10.00 Lactic acid 42.5 5.00 42.5 5.00 42.5 5.00 PEG 400 85 10.00 85 10.00 85 10.00 Crospovidone CL 42.5 5.00 — — — — Crospovidone CL-F — — 34 4.00 — — Crospovidone CL-M — — — — 42.5 5.00 TOTAL 850 100 850 100 850 100 G (P59) H (P60) I (P61) Ingredient mg/capsule % weight mg/capsule % weight mg/capsule % weight DMF 240 28.24 240 28.24 240 28.24 PSD: d90 ≤ 90 μm Capmul ® MCM 312.5 36.76 355 41.76 329.5 38.76 Cremophor ® RH 40 85 10.00 85 10.00 85 10.00 Lactic acid 42.5 5.00 42.5 5.00 42.5 5.00 Labrasol ® 85 10.00 85 10.00 85 10.00 Pearlitol ® Flash 85 10.00 — — 42.5 5.00 Croscarmellose — — 42.5 5.00 25.5 3.00 Sodium TOTAL 850 100 850 100 850 100

Example 9

Capsule Shell Thickness Affects Release Rate

Application batches of enteric soft capsules with shell thicknesses of 0.028 inches or 0.033 inches were prepared comprising DMF particles having particle size distributions of d90≤90 μm in various matrices (Table 2′) and analyzed in two stage (pH 1.2 and pH 6.8) dissolution experiments (FIG. 9).

TABLE 21 DMF Fill Compositions A (APP021214) B (APP020714) (0.028 inch ribbon) (0.033 inch ribbon) Ingredient mg/capsule % wt mg/capsule % wt Dimethyl Fumarate 240 28.2 240 28.2 PSD: d90 ≤ 90 μm Capmul ® MCM 440 51.8 465.5 54.8 Cremophor ® RH 40 85 10.0 85 10.0 Povidone K30 42.5 5.0 42.5 5.0 PEG 400 — — 42.5 5.0 Crospovidone-CL 17 2.0 — — TOTAL 850 100% 850 100% C (APP022414-A) D (APP022414-B) (0.028 inch ribbon) (0.028 inch ribbon) Ingredient mg/capsule % wt mg/capsule % wt Dimethyl Fumarate 240 28.24 240 28.24 PSD: d90 ≤ 90 μm Capmul ® MCM 312.5 36.76 312.5 36.76 Cremophor ® RH 40 85 10.0 85 10.0 Povidone K30 42.5 5.0 42.5 5.0 PEG 600 127.5 15.0 — — Crospovidone-CL 42.5 5.0 — — Labrasol ® — — 85 10.0 Pearlitol ® Flash — — 85 10.0 TOTAL 850 100% 850 100%

Example 10

A GMP batch of enteric soft capsules (0.038-inch shell thickness) comprising DMF particles having a particle size distribution of PSD: d90≤90 μm was prepared with the matrix composition shown in Table 22 and analyzed in two stage (pH 1.2 and pH 6.8) dissolution experiments (FIG. 14) and compared to application batches (Table 19).

TABLE 22 GMP DMF Fill Composition Ingredient mg/capsule % weight Dimethyl fumarate 240 32.0 PSD: d90 ≤ 90 μm Capmul ® MCM 375 50.0 Cremophor ® RH 40 75 10.0 Povidone K 30 22.5 3.0 Lactic acid 37.5 5.0 TOTAL 750 mg 100%

Example 11

Povidone K30 and PEG 600 Affect DMF Release Rate

DMF matrices were prepared with and without Povidone K30 or PEG 600 (Table 23) and analyzed in single stage (pH 6.8) dissolution experiments (FIG. 11).

TABLE 23 DMF Fill Compositions A (P62) B (P63) Ingredient mg/capsule % weight mg/capsule % weight Dimethyl fumarate 240 28.2 240 28.24 PSD: d90 ≤ 90 μm Capmul ® MCM 482.5 56.8 384.75 45.26 Cremophor ® 85 10.0 85 10.00 RH 40 Povidone K 30 — — 12.75 1.50 PEG 600 — — 85 10.00 Lactic acid 42.5 5.0 42.5 5.0 TOTAL 850 mg 100% 850 mg 100% C (P64) D (P65) Ingredient mg/capsule % weight mg/capsule % weight Dimethyl fumarate 240 28.24 240 28.24 PSD: d90 ≤ 90 μm Capmul ® MCM 457 53.76 372 43.76 Cremophor ® 85 10.00 85 10.00 RH 40 Povidone K 30 25.5 3.00 25.5 3.00 PEG 600 — — 85 10.00 Lactic acid 42.5 5.00 42.5 5.00 TOTAL 850 mg 100% 850 mg 100%

Example 12

A batch of enteric soft capsules (0.038-inch shell thickness) comprising DMF particles having particle size distribution of PSD: d90≤90 μm was prepared with the matrix composition shown in Table 24 and analyzed in two stage (pH 1.2 and pH 6.8) dissolution experiments (FIG. 12). This example provides a lower dose of DMF (120 mg) compared with that shown in Table 11 (240 mg).

TABLE 24 DMF Fill Composition Ingredient mg/capsule % weight Dimethyl fumarate PSD: d90 ≤ 90 μm 120 28.2 Capmul ® MCM 228.5 53.8 Cremophor ® RH 40 42.5 10.0 Povidone K 30 12.75 3.0 Lactic acid 21.25 5.0 TOTAL 425 mg 100%

Example 13

A batch of enteric soft capsules (0.038-inch shell thickness) comprising monomethyl fumarate (MMF) particles having particle size distribution of PSD: d90≤90 μm was prepared with the matrix composition shown in Table 25. This example provides MMF (240 mg).

TABLE 25 MMF Fill Composition Ingredient mg/capsule % weight Monomethyl fumarate PSD: 240 28.2 d90 ≤ 90 μm Capmul ® MCM 457 53.8 Cremophor ® RH 40 85 10.0 Povidone K 30 25.5 3.0 Lactic acid 42.5 5.0 TOTAL 850 mg 100%

Example 14

A batch of enteric soft capsules (0.038-inch shell thickness) comprising monomethyl fumarate (MMF) particles having particle size distribution of PSD: d90≤90 μm was prepared with the matrix composition shown in Table 26. This example provides MMF (480 mg).

TABLE 26 MMF Fill Composition Ingredient mg/capsule % weight Monomethyl fumarate PSD: 480    48-56.4 d90 ≤ 90 μm Capmul ® MCM 216-470  25.5-47 Cremophor ® RH 40 7.3-120  0.85-12 Povidone K 30 7.3-50  0.85-5  Lactic acid 21.7-50   2.55-5  TOTAL 850 mg-1000 mg 100%

Example 15

Enteric soft capsules comprising particles of dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof having particle size distribution of PSD: d90≤90 μm can be prepared with an 850 mg matrix in the compositions shown in Table 27. This example provides DMF or MMF in a QD formulation (˜480 mg).

TABLE 27 DMF or MMF 850 mg Fill Compositions Percent Weight (%) Ingredient EX1 EX2 EX3 EX4 EX5 EX6 Dimethyl fumarate or Monomethyl 56.4 56.4 56.4 56.4 56.4 56.4 fumarate PSD: d90 ≤ 90 μm Capmul ® MCM 30.6 39.95 28.9 28.9 25.5 32.7 Cremophor ® RH 40 8.5 0.85 8.5 8.5 10.2 6.1 Povidone K 30 0.85 0.85 2.55 2.55 4.25 1.8 Lactic acid 4.25 2.55 4.25 4.25 4.25 3.0 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 100

Example 16

Enteric soft capsules comprising particles of dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof having particle size distribution of PSD: d90≤90 μm can be prepared with a 1000 mg matrix in the compositions shown in Table 28. This example provides DMF or MMF in a QD formulation (˜480 mg).

TABLE 28 DMF or MMF 1000 mg Fill Compositions Percent Weight (%) Ingredient EX1 EX2 EX3 EX4 EX5 EX6 Dimethyl fumarate or Monomethyl 48 48 48 48 48 48 fumarate PSD: d90 ≤ 90 μm Capmul ® MCM 44 36 47 34 34 38.9 Cremophor ® RH 40 2 10 1 10 10 7.2 Povidone K 30 1 1 1 3 3 2.2 Lactic acid 5 5 3 5 5 3.6 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 100

Example 17

Stability of the Enteric Soft Capsules Over Time

The temporal stability of the dimethyl fumarate enteric soft capsule pharmaceutical composition shown in Table 29 was assessed under three ICH conditions. A sample of DMF enteric soft capsules was subject to chemical analysis and two-stage dissolution shortly after manufacturing (T₀). Samples of DMF enteric soft capsules were subjected to Room Temperature Conditions (25° C. and 60% relative humidity) for 1 month, 2, months, 3 months, and 6 months. Other samples of DMF enteric soft capsules were subjected to Intermediate Conditions (30° C. and 65% relative humidity) for 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months. Additional samples of DMF enteric soft capsules were subjected to Accelerated Conditions (40° C. and 75% relative humidity) for 1 month and 2 months. After the designated incubation period, the capsules were chemically analyzed and evaluated in two-stage dissolution experiments at pH 1.2 and 6.8 as described herein if conditions permitted (i.e., non-leaking capsules). Two-stage dissolution results for DMS enteric soft capsules at T₀, and after 3- and 6-months at Room Temperature Conditions (25° C. and 60% RH) are shown in FIG. 13.

TABLE 29 GMP DMF Fill Composition Ingredient mg/capsule % weight Dimethyl fumarate PSD: d90 ≤ 90 μm 240 32.0 Capmul ® MCM 375 50.0 Cremophor ® RH 40 75 10.0 Povidone K 30 22.5 3.0 Lactic acid 37.5 5.0 TOTAL 750 mg 100%

TABLE 30 GMP DMF Stability Initial 25° C., 60% Relative Humidity T₀ 1 M 2 M 3 M 6 M Assay 101.2% 101.0% 102.4% 101.25 98.8% Degradation Products Monomethyl 0.14% 0.13% 0.14% 0.16% 0.18% Fumarate RRT 0.74 ND ND 0.07% 0.09% 0.18% RRT 1.61 0.05% ND ND ND ND RRT 2.18 ND ND ND <0.05% 0.09% Total 0.19% 0.13% 0.21% 0.25% 0.45% Degradation Products 30° C., 65% Relative Humidity 40° C., 75% Rel. Humid. 1 M 2 M 3 M 1 M 2 M Assay 100.1% 99.4% 99.5% 99.3% 113.1%* Degradation Products Monomethyl 0.14% 0.17% 0.22% 0.22% 0.26% Fumarate RRT 0.74 0.14% 0.22% 0.28% 0.3% 0.46% RRT 1.61 0.06% 0.11% 0.14% 0.15% 0.35% RRT 2.18 0.34% 0.5% 0.64% 0.67% 1.07% Total 0.14% 0.17% 0.22% 0.22% 0.26% Degradation Products *Data were collected on fill extracted from leaking capsules. Note: Leaking capsules were observed at the 2- and 3-month time points for the accelerated condition (40° C., 75% RH). This was expected for the enteric soft gelatin capsules. The intermediate condition (30° C., 65% RH) and long-term condition (25° C., 60% RH) will be assessed at the 12-month and 24-month time points to assess chemical stability.

Example 18

Fill compositions with increasing amounts of one or more fumarate esters (e.g., dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof ranging from about 0.5 mmol to about 4.0 mmol) having a particle size distribution of PSD: d90≤100 μm in a 750 mg fill are shown in Table 31. Millimole values for DMF or MMF (shaded rows) specify the millimoles of the respective species at the specified mass (mg). These fill compositions may be encapsulated by a soft capsule shell composition as described herein. In one embodiment, the one or more fumarate esters comprise about 0.5 mmol to about 3.7 mmol FAE. In one embodiment, the fumarate ester (FAE) comprises DMF. In another embodiment, the fumarate ester comprises MMF. In another embodiment, the fumarate ester comprises MMF, DMF, or a combination thereof.

TABLE 31 Fumarate Ester 750 mg Fill Compositions mg/capsule Ingredient EX1 EX2 EX3 EX4 EX5 EX6 Fumarate Ester PSD: d90 ≤ 100 μm 80 85 90 95 97 100 mmol DMF 0.56 0.59 0.62 0.66 0.67 0.69 mmol MMF 0.61 0.65 0.69 0.73 0.75 0.77 Capmul ® MCM 535 530 525 520 518 515 Cremophor ® RH 40 75 75 75 75 75 75 Povidone K 30 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 Lactic acid 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 TOTAL 750 750 750 750 750 750 Ratio FAE to Fill 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.15 Percent Weight (%) Fumarate Ester PSD: d90 ≤ 100 μm 10.7 11.3 12 12.7 12.9 13.3 Capmul ® MCM 71.3 70.7 70 69.3 69.1 68.7 Cremophor ® RH 40 10 10 10 10 10 10 Povidone K 30 3 3 3 3 3 3 Lactic acid 5 5 5 5 5 5 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 100 mg/capsule Ingredient EX7 EX8 EX9 EX10 EX11 EX12 Fumarate Ester PSD: d90 ≤ 100 μm 105 107 108 110 115 120 mmol DMF 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.80 0.83 mmol MMF 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.88 0.92 Capmul ® MCM 510 508 507 505 500 495 Cremophor ® RH 40 75 75 75 75 75 75 Povidone K 30 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 Lactic acid 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 TOTAL 750 750 750 750 750 750 Ratio FAE to Fill 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.19 Percent Weight (%) Fumarate Ester PSD: d90 ≤ 100 μm 14 14.3 14.4 14.7 15.3 16 Capmul ® MCM 68 67.7 67.6 67.3 66.7 66 Cremophor ® RH 40 10 10 10 10 10 10 Povidone K 30 3 3 3 3 3 3 Lactic acid 5 5 5 5 5 5 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 100 mg/capsule Ingredient EX13 EX14 EX15 EX16 EX17 EX18 Fumarate Ester PSD: d90 ≤ 100 μm 160 170 180 190 194 200 mmol DMF 1.11 1.18 1.25 1.32 1.35 1.39 mmol MMF 1.23 1.31 1.38 1.46 1.49 1.54 Capmul ® MCM 455 445 435 425 421 415 Cremophor ® RH 40 75 75 75 75 75 75 Povidone K 30 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 Lactic acid 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 TOTAL 750 750 750 750 750 750 Ratio FAE to Fill 0.27 0.29 0.32 0.34 0.35 0.36 Percent Weight (%) Fumarate Ester PSD: d90 ≤ 100 μm 21.3 22.7 24 25.3 25.9 26.7 Capmul ® MCM 60.7 59.3 58 56.7 56.1 55.3 Cremophor ® RH 40 10 10 10 10 10 10 Povidone K 30 3 3 3 3 3 3 Lactic acid 5 5 5 5 5 5 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 100 mg/capsule Ingredient EX19 EX20 EX21 EX22 EX23 EX24 Fumarate Ester PSD: d90 ≤ 100 μm 210 214 216 220 230 240 mmol DMF 1.46 1.48 1.50 1.53 1.60 1.67 mmol MMF 1.61 1.64 1.66 1.69 1.77 1.84 Capmul ® MCM 405 401 399 395 385 375 Cremophor ® RH 40 75 75 75 75 75 75 Povidone K 30 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 Lactic acid 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 TOTAL 750 750 750 750 750 750 Ratio FAE to Fill 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.47 Percent Weight (%) Fumarate Ester PSD: d90 ≤ 100 μm 28 28.5 28.8 29.3 30.7 32 Capmul ® MCM 54 53.5 53.2 52.7 51.3 50 Cremophor ® RH 40 10 10 10 10 10 10 Povidone K 30 3 3 3 3 3 3 Lactic acid 5 5 5 5 5 5 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 100 mg/capsule Ingredient EX25 EX26 EX27 EX28 EX29 EX30 Fumarate Ester PSD: d90 ≤ 100 μm 320 340 360 380 388 400 mmol DMF 2.22 2.36 2.50 2.64 2.69 2.78 mmol MMF 2.46 2.61 2.77 2.92 2.98 3.07 Capmul ® MCM 295 275 255 235 227 215 Cremophor ® RH 40 75 75 75 75 75 75 Povidone K 30 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 Lactic acid 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 TOTAL 750 750 750 750 750 750 Ratio FAE to Fill 0.74 0.83 0.92 1.03 1.07 1.14 Percent Weight (%) Fumarate Ester PSD: d90 ≤ 100 μm 42.7 45.3 48 50.7 51.7 53.3 Capmul ® MCM 39.3 36.7 34 31.3 30.3 28.7 Cremophor ® RH 40 10 10 10 10 10 10 Povidone K 30 3 3 3 3 3 3 Lactic acid 5 5 5 5 5 5 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 100 mg/capsule Ingredient EX31 EX32 EX33 EX34 EX35 EX36 Fumarate Ester PSD: d90 ≤ 100 μm 420 428 432 440 460 480 mmol DMF 2.91 2.97 3.00 3.05 3.19 3.33 mmol MMF 3.23 3.29 3.32 3.38 3.54 3.69 Capmul ® MCM 195 187 183 175 155 135 Cremophor ® RH 40 75 75 75 75 75 75 Povidone K 30 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 Lactic acid 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 TOTAL 750 750 750 750 750 750 Ratio FAE to Fill 0.74 0.83 0.92 1.03 1.07 1.14 Percent Weight (%) Fumarate Ester PSD: d90 ≤ 100 μm 56 57.1 57.6 58.7 61.3 64 Capmul ® MCM 26 24.9 24.4 23.3 20.7 18 Cremophor ® RH 40 10 10 10 10 10 10 Povidone K 30 3 3 3 3 3 3 Lactic acid 5 5 5 5 5 5 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 100

Example 19

Fill compositions having one or more fumarate esters (e.g., dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof ranging from about 0.5 mmol to about 3.5 mmol) having a particle size distribution of PSD: d90≤100 μm with a constant weight ratio of fumarate ester to fill (e.g., about 0.40) are shown in Table 32. Millimole values for DMF or MMF (shaded rows) specify the millimoles of the respective species at the specified mass (mg). These fill compositions may be encapsulated by a soft capsule shell composition as described herein. In one embodiment, the fumarate ester comprises DMF. In another embodiment, the fumarate ester comprises MMF. In another embodiment, the fumarate ester comprises MMF, DMF, or a combination thereof.

TABLE 32 Fumarate Ester Fill Compositions Percent Weight (%) mg/capsule Ingredient EX1-EX4 EX1 EX2 EX3 EX4 Fumarate Ester PSD: d90 ≤ 100 μm 28.5 80 85 160 170 mmol DMF N/A 0.56 0.59 1.11 1.18 mmol MMF N/A 0.61 0.65 1.23 1.31 Capmul ® MCM 53.5 150 159 300 318 Cremophor ® RH 40 10 28 29.8 56 59.5 Povidone K 30 3 8.4 8.9 16.8 17.9 Lactic acid 5 14 14.9 28 29.8 TOTAL 100 280 298 560 595 Percent Weight (%) mg/capsule Ingredient EX5-EX8 EX5 EX6 EX7 EX8 Fumarate Ester PSD: d90 ≤ 100 μm 28.5 90 95 180 190 mmol DMF N/A 0.62 0.66 1.25 1.32 mmol MMF N/A 0.69 0.73 1.38 1.46 Capmul ® MCM 53.5 169 178 337 356 Cremophor ® RH 40 10 31.5 33.3 63 66.5 Povidone K 30 3 9.5 10 18.9 20 Lactic acid 5 15.8 16.6 31.5 33.3 TOTAL 100 315 333 630 665 Percent Weight (%) mg/capsule Ingredient EX9-EX12 EX9 EX10 EX11 EX12 Fumarate Ester PSD: d90 ≤ 100 μm 28.5 100 107 200 214 mmol DMF N/A 0.69 0.74 1.39 1.48 mmol MMF N/A 0.77 0.82 1.54 1.64 Capmul ® MCM 53.5 187 201 375 401 Cremophor ® RH 40 10 35 37.5 70.1 75 Povidone K 30 3 10.5 11.3 21 22.5 Lactic acid 5 17.5 18.8 35.1 37.5 TOTAL 100 350 375 701 750 Percent Weight (%) mg/capsule Ingredient EX13-EX16 EX17 EX18 EX19 EX20 Fumarate Ester PSD: d90 ≤ 100 μm 28.5 105 110 210 220 mmol DMF N/A 0.73 0.76 1.46 1.53 mmol MMF N/A 0.81 0.85 1.61 1.69 Capmul ® MCM 53.5 197 206 393 412 Cremophor ® RH 40 10 36.8 38.5 73.5 77.0 Povidone K 30 3 11.0 11.6 22.1 23.1 Lactic acid 5 18.4 19.3 36.8 38.5 TOTAL 100 368 385 735 770 Percent Weight mg/capsule Ingredient EX13-EX16 EX17 EX18 EX19 EX20 Fumarate Ester PSD: d90 ≤ 100 μm 28.5 115 120 230 240 mmol DMF N/A 0.80 0.83 1.60 1.67 mmol MMF N/A 0.88 0.92 1.77 1.84 Capmul ® MCM 53.5 215 225 431 449 Cremophor ® RH 40 10 40.3 42.0 80.5 84.0 Povidone K 30 3 12.1 12.6 24.2 25.2 Lactic acid 5 20.1 21.0 40.3 42.0 TOTAL 100 403 420 805 840 Percent Weight (%) mg/capsule Ingredient EX13-EX16 EX13 EX14 EX15 EX16 Fumarate Ester PSD: d90 ≤ 100 μm 28.5 350 375 400 428 mmol DMF N/A 2.42 2.6 2.78 2.97 mmol MMF N/A 2.68 2.88 3.07 3.29 Capmul ® MCM 53.5 655 702 750 802 Cremophor ® RH 40 10 123 131 140 150 Povidone K 30 3 36.8 39.4 42.1 45 Lactic acid 5 61.3 65.6 70.1 75 TOTAL 100 1225 1313 1402 1500

Example 20

A batch of enteric soft capsules (0.038-inch shell thickness) comprising monomethyl fumarate particles having particle size distribution of PSD: d90≤90 μm were prepared with the matrix composition shown in Table 33.

TABLE 33 Monomethyl Fumarate Fill Composition Fill Ingredients Percent Weight (%) Mass/capsule (mg) Monomethyl fumarate, PSD: 28.50 214 d90 ≤ 90 μm Capmul ® MCM 53.50 401 Cremophor ® RH 40 10.00 75 Povidone K 30 3.00 23 Lactic Acid 5.00 38 Total Fill Weight 100% 750 Total Capsule Weight 1116

Samples from a batch of enteric soft capsules comprising the composition shown in Table 33 were subject to two-stage dissolution experiments in a USP Apparatus II with the parameters shown in Table 34. For these experiments, the capsule was introduced in to simulated gastric fluid, 0.1 N HCl, pH 1.2, for 2 hours. After 2 hours, the capsule was transferred to simulated intestinal fluid, phosphate buffer, pH 6.8. Samples were removed from the apparatus at the indicated time points and the analyte was detected using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a UV detector. The results are shown in FIG. 14. The results show that the capsules retain their enteric properties for at least 2 hours in simulated gastric fluid at pH 1.2. The capsules began releasing monomethyl fumarate within ˜10 minutes after being transferred to simulated intestinal fluid, pH 6.8, and achieved 100% dissolution after 120 minutes at pH 6.8.

TABLE 34 Two-stage Dissolution Analysis Parameters USP Apparatus II Agitation Rate 100 RPM Temperature 37.0 ± 0.5° C. Media/Volume 0.1N HCl, pH 1.2, 500 mL Phosphate buffer, pH 6.8, 500 mL Sample Profile: Samples obtained at 60 min and 120 min in 0.1N HCl Samples obtained at 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120 min in phosphate buffer pH 6.8

Example 21

Method for Measurement of Fumarate Ester Particles Size Distribution

Fumarate ester particles (dimethyl fumarate or mono methyl fumarate) in the form of a dry powder were measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 instrument equipped with vacuum unit and air pressure following manufacturer instructions; see, e.g. The Mastersizer 2000 Operators Guide; MAN0247-2-0, Malvern Instruments Ltd. (1999), which is incorporated by reference herein for such teachings. Approximately 1.0 gram of the test sample was introduced into the dry powder feeder and measured under the parameters shown in Table 35, and the volume size distribution and the volume mean diameter were determined. In one aspect, described herein, the particle size distribution is expressed as a particle volume distribution and the mean particle size of the distribution is expressed as a volume mean diameter.

TABLE 35 Particle Size Distribution Measurement Parameters Analysis Model General Purpose Sensitivity Normal Particle RI 1.468 Vibration feed rate 60% Dispersive air pressure 1.3 bars Absorption 0.1 Measurement time 6 seconds Measurement snaps 6,000 Background time 6 seconds Background snaps 6,000 No. of measurements 1 per cycle Obscuration 0.5% to 6.0%

Example 22

Clinical Study of Test Pharmaceutical Compositions Comprising Fumarate Esters

Patient Population

Non-smoking male or females (n=24) within the age range of 18 to 65 years, having a Body Mass Index (BMI) greater than or equal to 18.5 kg/m² and less than or equal to 29.9 kg/m² and having given their written informed consent were at the Period-I check-in of the study. The patient demographics and number of patients dosed is provided in Table 36. They did not have any significant diseases or clinically significant abnormal findings during screening, medical history, physical and clinical examinations, laboratory evaluation, 12-lead ECG recording and vital sign measurement. Female volunteers had a negative pregnancy test. Volunteers who meet all the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled into the study.

All the subjects willing to participate in the study were screened no more than 28 days before the first drug administration in order to assess their eligibility by satisfying all of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. During screening, the medical history of the subjects was elicited and they underwent a general clinical examination, measurement of blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, respiratory rate, 12-Lead ECG, clinical laboratory evaluations, immunological tests for HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), HBsAg (Hepatitis B Surface Antigen) and HCV (Hepatitis C Virus), Alcohol screen, Nicotine screen and Screen for drugs of abuse. Urine pregnancy test was performed for all female subjects. Subjects were selected for inclusion in the study no more than 28 days before the first drug administration.

TABLE 36 Study Population Inclusion Numbers and Parameter Information No. Planned for Inclusion 24 Enrolled and Checked-in 34 (Subject Nos. 1001-1024 and 10 standby subjects) Dosed Period-I 24 Period-II (7 days later) 23 Dismissed 01 Analyzed 23 Considered for statistical analysis 23 Parameters Dosed Subjects (24) Completed Study (23) Age (years) 42.2 ± 12.81 42.2 ± 13.10 Height (cm) 171.14 ± 8.668  171.32 ± 8.817  Weight (kg) 75.05 ± 10.135 75.35 ± 10.258 BMI (kg/m²) 25.55 ± 2.280  25.60 ± 2.320  Study Methodology

The performed study was a randomized, pilot, two-way crossover, open-label, single-dose, fasting study, with a screening period of 28-days prior to the first dose administration. In each study period, 19 blood samples, including one pre-dose blood sample, were collected from each subject except for the subject who did not complete the study to analyze the pharmacokinetic profile of the Test pharmaceutical composition as well as the Reference pharmaceutical product.

Based on the elimination half-life of dimethyl fumarate, a washout period of 7-days was kept in between the successive dosing days. Multiple blood samples were collected to assess the bioequivalence between the Test and the Reference product. For this study with a crossover design, each subject except for one dismissed subject received both the products (Test Product-T and Reference Product-R) during the study. Hence, every subject acted as his own control and no separate group of subjects was required to act as the control group. Subjects were dosed according to the treatment sequence provided in Table 37. The duration of the clinical part of the study was about 9 days (one day prior to the drug administration in Period-I until the last study procedure in Period-II).

TABLE 37 Treatment Sequence Period-I Period-II Sequence 1 Treatment-R (Reference) Treatment-T (Test) Sequence 2 Treatment-T (Test) Treatment-R (Reference)

After an overnight fast of at least 10 hours, a single oral dose (240 mg) of a Test controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprising a fumarate ester or a Reference dimethyl fumarate composition was administered to the subjects in sitting posture with 240 mL of drinking water at ambient temperature. The administration was as per the randomization schedule and under open-label conditions.

Dosing water was measured and poured into individual containers before dosing. The containers were then covered and allowed to remain at ambient temperature until used. The drug was provided to the subjects in unit-dose containers. A visual inspection of each subject's mouth and hands was performed immediately after dosing to ensure drug ingestion.

During the first 4-hours post-dose, subjects were encouraged to stay awake, seated in an upright position, and allowed to rise under supervision only for brief periods of time, in order to comply with study-related activities and to use the washroom. Subjects were permitted to lie down for treatment of any adverse event.

No water ingestion was permitted from 1.0-hour pre-dose to 1.0-hour post-dose, with the exception of the 240 mL of dosing water.

No food was allowed for at least 4 hours' post-dose. Standardized meals with beverages were provided to the subjects at the following times: between 4.5- and 5.5-hours post-dose; between 9.5- and 10.5-hours post-dose; and at 13.5-hours post-dose.

All meals and beverages were free of alcohol, grapefruit products, xanthine, and caffeine and were identical between the study periods.

Safety was assessed from the screening period to the end of the study. It was assessed through clinical examinations, vital signs assessment, 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), clinical laboratory parameters (e.g., biochemistry, hematology, immunology, and urine analysis), pregnancy test (for female subjects), subjective symptomatology, and monitoring of adverse events.

A total of 19 pharmacokinetic blood samples (6 mL each) were drawn in each period according to the following schedule: 0 (pre-dose), and at intervals of 0.33, 0.67, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2, 2.25, 2.5, 2.75, 3, 3.33, 3.68, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, and 8-hours post-dose.

The plasma samples of subjects were analyzed using a validated LC-MS/MS method for monomethyl fumarate. Calibration curve using an 8-point calibration curve standards, with concentrations ranging from 21.35 ng/mL to 4967.75 ng/mL were used to determine the concentrations of monomethyl fumarate in the samples of various subjects.

Pharmacokinetic Parameter Calculations

The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the drug concentration versus time point by non-compartmental model using WinNonlin Professional Software Version 5.3 (Pharsight Corporation) for monomethyl fumarate. Statistical comparison of the pharmacokinetic parameters of the two products (Test, Reference) was performed using PROC MIXED of SAS® Version 9.3 (SAS Institute Inc.).

The maximum measured plasma concentration (C_(max)) and the time of observing the peak concentration (T_(max)) was taken directly from the plasma concentration versus time profile of the individual subjects.

Area under plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC_(0→τ)) in h·ng/mL from time zero to the last measurable concentration as calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule.

Area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC_(0→∞)) in h·ng/mL from time zero to infinity; where AUC_(0→∞)=AUC_(0→τ)+C_(t)/λ_(z); C_(t) is the last measurable concentration and λ_(z) is the terminal rate constant. The AUC_(0→∞) was the sum of measurable and extrapolated parts.

First order rate constants associated with the terminal (log-linear) portion of the curve were estimated via linear regression of time versus log concentration. This parameter was calculated by linear least squares regression analysis using last three or more non-zero plasma concentration values. The units of λ_(z) were hours⁻¹ (1/h).

The terminal half-life was calculated using the formula: 0.693/λ_(z). The unit of t_(1/2) was hour (h).

The residual area in percentage was determined by the formula: [(AUC_(0→∞)−AUC_(0→τ))/AUC_(0→∞)]×100.

The pharmacokinetic parameters of monomethyl fumarate for Test Product-T and Reference Product-R are summarized in Table 38. The mean plasma concentration versus time curve over eight hours is shown in FIG. 15.

TABLE 38 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Monomethyl Fumarate; Test Product-T and Reference Product-R Mean ± SD Pharmacokinetic (Un-transformed data) Parameters Test Product-T Reference Product-R T_(max) (h) 2.5 (1-5) 2.5 (1-5) C_(max) (ng/mL) 1321.3 ± 618.9   1174.7 ± 433.9  AUC_(0→τ) h · ng/mL 1818.415 ± 532.5886  1907.405 ± 525.7948 AUC_(0→∞) 1919.247 ± 533.8147*  2119.693 ± 688.1376{circumflex over ( )} λ_(z) (l/h) 1.323 ± 0.3573*  1.103 ± 0.3930{circumflex over ( )} t_(1/2) (h) 0.563 ± 0.1586*  0.864 ± 0.8508{circumflex over ( )} Residual Area in 1.799 ± 1.0276*  6.481 ± 14.0612{circumflex over ( )} Percentage *n = 20 {circumflex over ( )}n = 22 Statistical Methods

Descriptive statistics were calculated and reported for all pharmacokinetic parameters of monomethyl fumarate. ANOVA, power, and ratio analysis for ln-transformed pharmacokinetic parameters C_(max), AUC_(0→τ), and AUC_(0→∞) were calculated and reported for monomethyl fumarate. The 90% confidence interval for the ratio of the geometric least-squares means were calculated for the ln-transformed pharmacokinetic parameters, C_(max), AUC_(0→τ), and AUC_(0→∞) for monomethyl fumarate. All statistical analyses for monomethyl fumarate were performed using PROC MIXED of SAS® Version 9.3 (SAS Institute Inc., USA).

The relative bioavailability analysis (e.g., geometric least squares means, ratios, 90% confidence interval, intra subject CV, and power) of Test Product-T versus Reference Product-R for monomethyl fumarate is summarized in Table 39.

TABLE 39 Relative Bioavailability Results for Monomethyl Fumarate (n = 23) Geometric Least Squares Means 90% Intra Test Reference Ratio Confidence Subject Power Parameters Product-T Product-R (T/R)% Interval CV (%) (%) C_(max) 1189.160 1102.137 107.9 92.04-126.49 32.1 75.3 AUC_(0→τ) 1747.744 1847.786 94.6 87.59-102.14 15.2 99.8 AUC_(0→∞) 1875.657* 2034.147^({circumflex over ( )}) 92.2 85.17-99.82  14.3 99.7 *n = 20 ^({circumflex over ( )})n = 22

Example 22

Fumarate Ester Oil Composition

Additional fill formulations were developed comprising oils. Oils such as soybean oil, mineral oil, and vegetable oil were incorporated into the fill and tested. Based on the results, batches of soft capsules were prepared by rotary die encapsulation using the fill compositions shown in Table 40.

TABLE 40 Exemplary Oil Fill Composition Ingredient mg/capsule % weight Fumarate Ester (PSD: d90 ≤ 100 μm) 100-250 20-50 Oil (e.g., mineral or vegetable oils) 375-225 45-75 Lactic Acid  0-25 0-5 TOTAL 500 mg 100%

Example 23

Soft capsules comprising particles of dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof having particle size distribution of PSD: d90≤100 μm can be prepared with 750 mg or 500 mg matrix fills as shown in Tables 42 and 43.

TABLE 42 Exemplary Fill Composition Ingredient mg/capsule % weight Fumarate Ester (PSD: d90 ≤ 100 μm) 150-375  20-50 Mono- and di-glycerides 150-375  20-50 Polyvinyl pyrrolidone  5.6-37.5 0.75-5  Polyoxyl 40 Hydrogenated castor oil 5.6-90  0.75-12 Lactic Acid   0-37.5 0.0-5 TOTAL 750 mg 100%

TABLE 43 Exemplary Fill Composition Ingredient mg/capsule % weight Fumarate Ester (PSD: d90 ≤ 100 μm) 100-250  20-50 Mono- and di-glycerides 100-250  20-50 Polyvinyl pyrrolidone 3.8-25  0.75-5  Polyoxyl 40 Hydrogenated castor oil 3.8-60  0.75-12 Lactic Acid  0-25 0.0-5 TOTAL 500 mg 100%

Example 24

Soft capsules comprising particles of dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof having particle size distributions of PSD: d90≤100 μm were prepared with 750 mg or 500 mg matrix fills as shown in Tables 44-46.

TABLE 44 Exemplary Fill Composition Ingredient mg/capsule % weight Fumarate Ester (PSD: d90 ≤ 100 μm) 214 28.5 Mono- and di-glycerides 400 53.5 Polyvinyl pyrrolidone 23 3.0 Polyoxyl 40 Hydrogenated castor oil 75 10.0 Lactic Acid 38 5.0 TOTAL 750 mg 100%

TABLE 45 Exemplary Fill Composition Ingredient mg/capsule % weight Fumarate Ester (PSD: d90 ≤ 100 μm) 214 28.5 Mono- and di-glycerides 196 53.5 Polyvinyl pyrrolidone 15 3.0 Polyoxyl 40 Hydrogenated castor oil 50 10.0 Lactic Acid 25 5.0 TOTAL 500 mg 100%

TABLE 46 Exemplary Fill Composition Ingredient mg/capsule % weight Fumarate Ester (PSD: d90 ≤ 100 μm) 214 42.8 Oil 261 52.2 Lactic Acid 25 5.0 TOTAL 500 mg 100%

Example 25

Soft capsules comprising particles of a fumarate ester having particle size distributions of PSD: d90≤100 μm were prepared with 750 mg or 500 mg matrix fills as shown in Tables 47-49. Note that lactic acid is optional; when lactic acid is omitted, the amount of mono and di-glycerides (Tables 47-48) or soybean oil (Table 49) is increased accordingly.

TABLE 47 Exemplary Fill Composition (750 mg) 11 oblong capsule Component mg % wt mg % wt mg % wt mg % wt Fumarate Ester (PSD: 100 13.3 107 14.3 107.5 14.3 108 14.4 d90 ≤ 100 μm) Mono- and di-glycerides 514 68.5 507 67.6 506.5 67.5 506 67.5 Polyvinyl pyrrolidone 23 3.1 23 3.1 23 3.1 23 3.1 Polyoxyl 40 75 10.0 75 10.0 75 10.0 75 10.0 hydrogenated castor oil Lactic acid (optional) 38 5.1 38 5.1 38 5.1 38 5.1 TOTAL 750 100% 750 100% 750 100% 750 100% Vehicle 650 87 643 86 642.5 86 642 86 Lipid 612 82 605 81 604.5 81 604 81 API 100 13 107 14 107.5 14 108 14 Ratio API:Lipid 6.12 6.12 5.65 5.65 5.62 5.62 5.59 5.59 Ratio API:Vehicle 6.50 6.50 6.01 6.01 5.98 5.98 5.94 5.94 Fumarate Ester (PSD: 200 26.7 214 28.5 215 28.7 216 28.8 d90 ≤ 100 μm) Mono- and di-glycerides 414 55.2 400 53.3 399 53.2 398 53.1 Polyvinyl pyrrolidone 23 3.1 23 3.1 23 3.1 23 3.1 Polyoxyl 40 75 10.0 75 10.0 75 10.0 75 10.0 hydrogenated castor oil Lactic acid (optional) 38 5.1 38 5.1 38 5.1 38 5.1 TOTAL 750 100% 750 100% 750 100% 750 100% Vehicle 550 73 536 71 535 71 534 71 Lipid 512 68 498 66 497 66 496 66 API 200 27 214 29 215 29 216 29 Ratio API:Lipid 2.56 2.56 2.33 2.33 2.31 2.31 2.30 2.30 Ratio API:Vehicle 2.75 2.75 2.50 2.50 2.49 2.49 2.47 2.47

TABLE 48 Exemplary Fill Composition (500 mg) 12 oval capsule Component mg % wt mg % wt mg % wt mg % wt Fumarate Ester (PSD: 100 20.0 107 21.4 107.5 21.5 108 21.6 d90 ≤ 100 μm) Mono- and di-glycerides 310 62.0 303 60.6 302.5 60.5 302 60.4 Polyvinyl pyrrolidone 15 3.0 15 3.0 15 3.0 15 3.0 Polyoxyl 40 50 10.0 50 10.0 50 10.0 50 10.0 hydrogenated castor oil Lactic acid (optional) 25 5.0 25 5.0 25 5.0 25 5.0 TOTAL 500 100% 500 100% 500 100% 500 100% Vehicle 400 80 393 79 392.5 79 392 78 Lipid 375 75 368 74 367.5 74 367 73 API 100 20 107 21 107.5 22 108 22 Ratio API:Lipid 3.75 3.75 3.44 3.44 3.42 3.42 3.40 3.40 Ratio API:Vehicle 4.00 4.00 3.67 3.67 3.65 3.65 3.63 3.63 Fumarate Ester (PSD: 200 40.0 214 42.8 215 43.0 216 43.2 d90 ≤ 100 μm) Mono- and di-glycerides 210 42.0 196 39.2 195 39.0 194 38.8 Polyvinyl pyrrolidone 15 3.0 15 3.0 15 3.0 15 3.0 Polyoxyl 40 50 10.0 50 10.0 50 10.0 50 10.0 hydrogenated castor oil Lactic acid (optional) 25 5.0 25 5.0 25 5.0 25 5.0 TOTAL 500 100% 500 100% 500 100% 500 100% Vehicle 300 60 286 57 285 57 284 57 Lipid 275 55 261 52 260 52 259 52 API 200 40 214 43 215 43 216 43 Ratio API:Lipid 1.38 1.38 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.21 1.20 1.20 Ratio API:Vehicle 1.50 1.50 1.34 1.34 1.33 1.33 1.31 1.31

TABLE 49 Exemplary Fill Composition (500 mg) 12 oval capsule Component mg % wt mg % wt mg % wt mg % wt Fumarate Ester (PSD: 100 20.0 107 21.4 107.5 21.5 108 21.6 d90 ≤ 100 μm) Soybean oil 375 75.0 368 73.6 367.5 73.5 367 73.4 Lactic acid (optional) 25 5.0 25 5.0 25 5.0 25 5.0 TOTAL 500 100% 500 100% 500 100% 500 100% Vehicle 400 80 393 79 392.5 79 392 79 Lipid 375 75 368 74 367.5 74 367 73 API 100 20 107 21 107.5 22 108 22 Ratio API:Lipid 3.75 3.75 3.44 3.44 3.42 3.42 3.40 3.40 Ratio API:Vehicle 4.00 4.00 3.67 3.67 3.65 3.65 3.63 3.63 Fumarate Ester (PSD: 200 40.0 214 42.8 215 43.0 216 43.2 d90 ≤ 100 μm) Soybean oil 275 55.0 261 52.2 260 52.0 259 51.8 Lactic acid (optional) 25 5.0 25 5.0 25 5.0 25 5.0 TOTAL 500 100% 500 100% 500 100% 500 100% Vehicle 300 60 286 57 285 57 284 57 Lipid 275 55 261 52 260 52 259 52 API 200 40 214 43 215 43 216 43 Ratio API:Lipid 1.38 1.38 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.21 1.20 1.20 Ratio API:Vehicle 1.50 1.50 1.34 1.34 1.33 1.33 1.31 1.31

Example 26

DMF and MMF Enteric Soft Capsule Comparison

Comparisons among enteric soft capsules comprising dimethyl fumarate (DMF) or monomethyl fumarate (MMF) show that about 15% of the MMF is released from the enteric soft capsule in acidic media (pH 1.2) in contrast to DMF (FIG. 16). Without being bound to any theory, this difference is believed to be due to MMF's increased solubility in the matrix fill and in water. Solid particles of MMF are thought to partially dissolve in the capsule matrix fill and create an osmotic gradient between the fill and the acidic media. Water influx across the gradient into the shell further dissolves MMF and facilitates diffusion of it out of the capsule.

Example 27

Vehicle and Enteric Capsule Shell Analyses

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of the matrix fill on a fumarate ester's release from enteric soft capsules in acidic media. FIGS. 17-19 show the release of a fumarate ester from different matrix fills in enteric soft capsules over 180 minutes in pH 1.2 media. FIG. 17 shows a fill comprising soybean oil; FIG. 18 shows a fill comprising mixture of soybean and vegetable oil; and FIG. 19 shows a fill comprising a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides (e.g., Capmul® MCM). About 23% of the fumarate ester released from the soybean oil fill after 180 min. About 15% of the fumarate ester released from the soybean and vegetable oil fill after 180 min. About 25% of the fumarate ester released from the soybean oil fill after 180 min.

Example 28

Capsule Analysis

In order to prevent the release of fumarate ester fills from capsules, the effect of coatings was evaluated. Soft capsules and enteric soft capsules were manufactured containing fumarate ester fill matrices (e.g., Tables 44-46). These capsules were then coated with an enteric coating (e.g., aqueous methacrylic acid copolymer (Eudragit® L100-55) and triethyl citrate) and evaluated in two-stage dissolution experiments. Typical soft gel capsules (e.g., Table 5), high-Bloom soft capsules (e.g., Table 6), or enteric soft capsules (e.g., Table 8) were coated and evaluated. FIG. 20 illustrates the average of three two-stage dissolutions of fumarate ester capsules in a coated soft gel capsules or a high-Bloom soft capsules. The enterically coated soft capsules released about 50% of the fumarate ester after about 30-40 minutes after transition to pH 6.8. FIG. 21 illustrates the average of three two-stage dissolutions of fumarate ester capsules in a coated soft gel capsules, high-Bloom soft capsules, or enteric soft capsules. The enterically coated enteric soft capsules released about 50% of the fumarate ester after about 40-50 minutes after transition to pH 6.8. FIG. 22 compares the data shown in FIG. 21 with the release of DMF from an enteric soft capsule (as shown in FIG. 16). FIG. 23 compares the effect of a pre-coating (aqueous hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) applied prior to the application of the enteric coating of typical soft capsules or enteric soft capsules comprising a matrix fill of a fumarate ester. The enterically coated soft capsules released about 50% of the fumarate ester after about 30-40 minutes after transition to pH 6.8. The enterically coated enteric soft capsule released about 50% of the fumarate ester after about 40-50 minutes after transition to pH 6.8.

Example 29

Soft capsules comprising particles of fumarate esters (e.g., monomethyl fumarate, dimethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof) having particle size distributions of PSD: d90≤100 μm were prepared with 600 mg, 700 mg, or 800 mg matrix fills as shown in Tables 50-55. Note that lactic acid is optional; when lactic acid is omitted, the amount of mono and di-glycerides (Tables 50, 52, 54) or soybean oil (Tables 51, 53, 55) is increased accordingly.

TABLE 50 Exemplary Fill Composition (600 mg) Component mg % wt mg % wt mg % wt mg % wt Fumarate Ester (PSD: 100 16.7 107 17.8 107.5 17.9 108 18.0 d90 ≤100 μm) Mono- and di-glycerides 392 65.3 385 64.2 384.5 64.1 384 64.0 Polyvinyl pyrrolidone 18 3.0 18 3.0 18 3.0 18 3.0 Polyoxyl 40 60 10.0 60 10.0 60 10.0 60 10.0 hydrogenated castor oil Lactic acid (optional) 30 5.0 30 5.0 30 5.0 30 5.0 TOTAL 600 100% 600 100% 600 100% 600 100% Vehicle 500 83 493 82 492.5 82 492 82 Lipid 470 78 463 77 462.5 77 462 77 API 100 17 107 18 107.5 18 108 18 Ratio API:Lipid 4.70 4.70 4.33 4.33 4.30 4.30 4.28 4.28 Ratio API:Vehicle 5.00 5.00 4.61 4.61 4.58 4.58 4.56 4.56 Fumarate Ester (PSD: 200 33.3 214 35.7 215 35.8 216 36.0 d90 ≤100 μm) Mono- and di-glycerides 292 48.7 278 46.3 277 46.2 276 46.0 Polyvinyl pyrrolidone 18 3.0 18 3.0 18 3.0 18 3.0 Polyoxyl 40 60 10.0 60 10.0 60 10.0 60 10.0 hydrogenated castor oil Lactic acid (optional) 30 5.0 30 5.0 30 5.0 30 5.0 TOTAL 600 100% 600 100% 600 100% 600 100% Vehicle 400 67 386 64 385 64 384 64 Lipid 370 62 356 59 355 59 354 59 API 200 33 214 36 215 36 216 36 Ratio API:Lipid 1.85 1.85 1.66 1.66 1.65 1.65 1.64 1.64 Ratio API:Vehicle 2.00 2.00 1.80 1.80 1.79 1.79 1.78 1.78

TABLE 51 Exemplary Fill Composition (600 mg) Component mg % wt mg % wt mg % wt mg % wt Fumarate Ester (PSD: 100 16.7 107 17.8 107.5 17.9 108 18.0 d90 ≤100 μm) Soybean oil 470 78.3 463 77.2 462.5 77.1 462 77.0 Lactic acid (optional) 30 5.0 30 5.0 30 5.0 30 5.0 TOTAL 600 100% 600 100% 600 100% 600 100% Vehicle 500 83 493 82 492.5 82 492 82 Lipid 470 78 463 77 462.5 77 462 77 API 100 17 107 18 107.5 18 108 18 Ratio API:Lipid 4.70 4.70 4.33 4.33 4.30 4.30 4.28 4.28 Ratio API:Vehicle 5.00 5.00 4.61 4.61 4.58 4.58 4.56 4.56 Fumarate Ester (PSD: 200 33.3 214 35.7 215 35.8 216 36.0 d90 ≤100 μm) Soybean oil 370 61.7 356 59.3 355 59.2 354 59.0 Lactic acid (optional) 30 5.0 30 5.0 30 5.0 30 5.0 TOTAL 600 100% 600 100% 600 100% 600 100% Vehicle 400 67 386 64 385 64 384 64 Lipid 370 62 356 59 355 59 354 59 API 200 33 214 36 215 36 216 36 Ratio API:Lipid 1.85 1.85 1.66 1.66 1.65 1.65 1.64 1.64 Ratio API:Vehicle 2.00 2.00 1.80 1.80 1.79 1.79 1.78 1.78

TABLE 52 Exemplary Fill Composition (700 mg) Component mg % wt mg % wt mg % wt mg % wt Fumarate Ester (PSD: 100 14.3 107 15.3 107.5 15.4 108 15.4 d90 ≤100 μm) Mono- and di-glycerides 474 67.7 467 66.7 466.5 66.6 466 66.6 Polyvinyl pyrrolidone 21 3.0 21 3.0 21 3.0 21 3.0 Polyoxyl 40 70 10.0 70 10.0 70 10.0 70 10.0 hydrogenated castor oil Lactic acid (optional) 35 5.0 35 5.0 35 5.0 35 5.0 TOTAL 700 100% 700 100% 700 100% 700 100% Vehicle 600 86 593 85 592.5 85 592 85 Lipid 565 81 558 80 557.5 80 557 80 API 100 14 107 15 107.5 15 108 15 Ratio API:Lipid 5.65 5.65 5.21 5.21 5.19 5.19 5.16 5.16 Ratio API:Vehicle 6.00 6.00 5.54 5.54 5.51 5.51 5.48 5.48 Fumarate Ester (PSD: 200 28.6 214 30.6 215 30.7 216 30.9 d90 ≤100 μm) Mono- and di-glycerides 374 53.4 360 51.4 359 51.3 358 51.1 Polyvinyl pyrrolidone 21 3.0 21 3.0 21 3.0 21 3.0 Polyoxyl 40 70 10.0 70 10.0 70 10.0 70 10.0 hydrogenated castor oil Lactic acid (optional) 35 5.0 35 5.0 35 5.0 35 5.0 TOTAL 700 100% 700 100% 700 100% 700 100% Vehicle 500 71 486 69 485 69 484 69 Lipid 465 66 451 64 450 64 449 64 API 200 29 214 31 215 31 216 31 Ratio API:Lipid 2.33 2.33 2.11 2.11 2.09 2.09 2.08 2.08 Ratio API:Vehicle 2.50 2.50 2.27 2.27 2.26 2.26 2.24 2.24

TABLE 53 Exemplary Fill Composition (700 mg) Component mg % wt mg % wt mg % wt mg % wt Fumarate Ester (PSD: 100 14.3 107 15.3 107.5 15.4 108 15.4 d90 ≤100 μm) Soybean oil 565 80.7 558 79.7 557.5 79.6 557 79.6 Lactic acid (optional) 35 5.0 35 5.0 35 5.0 35 33.0 TOTAL 700 100% 700 100% 700 100% 700 100% Vehicle 600 86 593 85 592.5 85 592 113 Lipid 565 81 558 80 557.5 80 557 80 API 100 14 107 15 107.5 15 108 15 Ratio API:Lipid 5.65 5.65 5.21 5.21 5.19 5.19 5.16 5.16 Ratio API:Vehicle 6.00 6.00 5.54 5.54 5.51 5.51 5.48 7.30 Fumarate Ester (PSD: 200 28.6 214 30.6 215 30.7 216 30.9 d90 ≤100 μm) Soybean oil 465 66.4 451 64.4 450 64.3 449 64.1 Lactic acid (optional) 35 5.0 35 5.0 35 5.0 35 5.0 TOTAL 700 100% 700 100% 700 100% 700 100% Vehicle 500 71 486 69 485 69 484 69 Lipid 465 66 451 64 450 64 449 64 API 200 29 214 31 215 31 216 31 Ratio API:Lipid 2.33 2.33 2.11 2.11 2.09 2.09 2.08 2.08 Ratio API:Vehicle 2.50 2.50 2.27 2.27 2.26 2.26 2.24 2.24

TABLE 54 Exemplary Fill Composition (800 mg) Component mg % wt mg % wt mg % wt mg % wt Fumarate Ester (PSD: 100 12.5 107 15.3 107.5 13.4 108 13.5 d90 ≤100 μm) Mono- and di-glycerides 556 69.5 549 68.6 548.5 68.6 548 68.5 Polyvinyl pyrrolidone 24 3.0 24 3.0 24 3.0 24 3.0 Polyoxyl 40 80 10.0 80 10.0 80 10.0 80 10.0 hydrogenated castor oil Lactic acid (optional) 40 5.0 40 5.0 40 5.0 40 5.0 TOTAL 800 100% 800 100% 800 100% 800 100% Vehicle 700 88 693 87 692.5 87 692 87 Lipid 660 83 653 82 652.5 82 652 82 API 100 13 107 15 107.5 13 108 14 Ratio API:Lipid 6.60 6.60 6.10 5.34 6.07 6.07 6.04 6.04 Ratio API:Vehicle 7.00 7.00 6.48 5.67 6.44 6.44 6.41 6.41 Fumarate Ester (PSD: 200 25.0 214 26.8 215 26.9 216 27.0 d90 ≤100 μm) Mono- and di-glycerides 456 57.0 442 55.3 441 55.1 440 55.0 Polyvinyl pyrrolidone 24 3.0 24 3.0 24 3.0 24 3.0 Polyoxyl 40 80 10.0 80 10.0 80 10.0 80 10.0 hydrogenated castor oil Lactic acid (optional) 40 5.0 40 5.0 40 5.0 40 5.0 TOTAL 800 100% 800 100% 800 100% 800 100% Vehicle 600 75 586 73 585 73 584 73 Lipid 560 70 546 68 545 68 544 68 API 200 25 214 27 215 27 216 27 Ratio API:Lipid 2.80 2.80 2.55 2.55 2.53 2.53 2.52 2.52 Ratio API:Vehicle 3.00 3.00 2.74 2.74 2.72 2.72 2.70 2.70

TABLE 55 Exemplary Fill Composition (800 mg) Component mg % wt mg % wt mg % wt mg % wt Fumarate Ester (PSD: 100 12.5 107 13.4 107.5 13.4 108 13.5 d90 ≤100 μm) Soybean oil 660 82.5 653 81.6 652.5 81.6 652 81.5 Lactic acid (optional) 40 5.0 40 5.0 40 5.0 40 5.0 TOTAL 800 100% 800 100% 800 100% 800 100% Vehicle 700 88 693 87 692.5 87 692 87 Lipid 660 83 653 82 652.5 82 652 82 API 100 13 107 13 107.5 13 108 14 Ratio API:Lipid 6.60 6.60 6.10 6.10 6.07 6.07 6.04 6.04 Ratio API:Vehicle 7.00 7.00 6.48 6.48 6.44 6.44 6.41 6.41 Fumarate Ester (PSD: 200 25.0 214 26.8 215 26.9 216 27.0 d90 ≤100 μm) Soybean oil 560 70.0 546 68.3 545 68.1 544 68.0 Lactic acid (optional) 40 5.0 40 5.0 40 5.0 40 5.0 TOTAL 800 100% 800 100% 800 100% 800 100% Vehicle 600 75 586 73 585 73 584 73 Lipid 560 70 546 68 545 68 544 68 API 200 25 214 27 215 27 216 27 Ratio API:Lipid 2.80 2.80 2.55 2.55 2.53 2.53 2.52 2.52 Ratio API:Vehicle 3.00 3.00 2.74 2.74 2.72 2.72 2.70 2.70

Example 30

Soft capsules comprising particles of fumarate esters (e.g., monomethyl fumarate, dimethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof) having particle size distributions of PSD: d90≤100 μm were prepared with 625 mg, matrix fills as shown in Tables 56-57.

TABLE 56 Exemplary Fill Composition (625 mg) Component mg % wt mg % wt mg % wt mg % wt Fumarate Ester (PSD: 100 16.0 107 17.1 107.5 17.2 108 17.3 d90 ≤100 μm) Mono- and di-glycerides 412.5 66.0 405.5 64.9 405 64.8 404.5 64.7 Polyvinyl pyrrolidone 18.8 3.0 18.8 3.0 18.8 3.0 18.8 3.0 Polyoxyl 40 62.5 10.0 62.5 10.0 62.5 10.0 62.5 10.0 hydrogenated castor oil Lactic acid (optional) 31.2 5.0 31.2 5.0 31.2 5.0 31.2 5.0 TOTAL 625 100% 625 100% 625 100% 625 100% Vehicle 525 84 518 83 517.5 83 517 83 Lipid 493.8 79 486.8 78 486.3 78 485.8 78 API 100 16 107 17 107.5 17 108 17 Ratio API:Lipid 4.94 4.94 4.55 4.55 4.52 4.52 4.50 4.50 Ratio API:Vehicle 5.25 5.25 4.84 4.84 4.81 4.81 4.79 4.79 Fumarate Ester (PSD: 200 32.0 214 34.2 215 34.4 216 34.6 d90 ≤100 μm) Mono- and di-glycerides 312.5 50.0 298.5 47.8 297.5 47.6 296.5 47.4 Polyvinyl pyrrolidone 18.75 3.0 18.75 3.0 18.75 3.0 18.75 3.0 Polyoxyl 40 62.5 10.0 62.5 10.0 62.5 10.0 62.5 10.0 hydrogenated castor oil Lactic acid (optional) 31.25 5.0 31.25 5.0 31.25 5.0 31.25 5.0 TOTAL 625 100% 625 100% 625 100% 625 100% Vehicle 425 68 411 66 410 66 409 65 Lipid 393.8 63 379.8 61 378.8 61 377.8 60 API 200 32 214 34 215 34 216 35 Ratio API:Lipid 1.97 1.97 1.77 1.77 1.76 1.76 1.75 1.75 Ratio API:Vehicle 2.13 2.13 1.92 1.92 1.91 1.91 1.89 1.89

TABLE 57 Exemplary Fill Composition (625 mg) Component mg % wt mg % wt mg % wt mg % wt Fumarate Ester (PSD: 100 16.0 107 17.1 107.5 17.2 108 17.3 d90 ≤100 μm) Soybean oil 525 84.0 518 82.9 517.5 82.8 517 82.7 TOTAL 625 100% 625 100% 625 100% 625 100% Lipid 525 84 518 83 517.5 83 517 83 API 100 16 107 17 107.5 17 108 17 Ratio API:Lipid 5.25 5.25 4.84 4.84 4.81 4.81 4.79 4.79 Fumarate Ester (PSD: 200 32.0 214 34.2 215 34.4 216 34.6 d90 ≤100 μm) Soybean oil 425 68.0 411 65.8 410 65.6 409 65.4 TOTAL 625 100% 625 100% 625 100% 625 100% Lipid 425 68 411 66 410 66 409 65 API 200 32 214 34 215 34 216 35 Ratio API:Lipid 2.13 2.13 1.92 1.92 1.91 1.91 1.89 1.89

Example 31

Soft capsules comprising particles of a fumarate ester having particle size distributions of PSD: d90≤100 μm were manufactured for clinical investigations. Six different formulations were prepared. See Table 58. The dosage forms comprised two different doses of fumarate ester, two different fill formulations, and two different shell components. The doses were either 200 mg or 214 mg of fumarate ester and the fill formulations either comprised a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides (e.g., Capmul® MCM) or soybean oil. Tables 59-64. The soft capsules were either an enteric soft capsule (EnteriCare®, Banner Life Sciences) or soft gelatin capsules. See Tables 65-66. Both types of capsules were manufactured using rotary die encapsulation.

After manufacturing and drying, the capsules were coated with a hydroxypropylmethylcellulose undercoat and dried. The capsules were then coated with an enteric coating containing methacrylic acid, ethyl acrylate copolymer (e.g., EUDRAGIT® L100-55, Evonik; Acryl-EZE®, Colorcon). Table 67. Finally, a polyvinyl alcohol moisture barrier top-coating was applied to the enterically coated capsules (e.g., Opadry® amb II, Clear, Colorcon). Table 68.

TABLE 58 Summary of Clinical Investigation Formulations Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Test 5 Test 6 Fumarate 214 200 214 214 200 214 Ester Dose (mg) Formulation Capmul Capmul Capmul Soybean oil Soybean oil Soybean oil Shell Enteric Enteric Softgel Enteric Enteric Softgel SGC SGC SGC SGC

TABLE 59 Test 1 Formulation Component Mass (mg) Weight % Fumarate Ester 214.0 34.2 Capmul ® MCM 298.5 47.8 Povidone K30 18.8 3.0 Polyoxyl 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil 62.5 10.0 Lactic Acid 31.2 5.0 TOTAL 625.0 100%

TABLE 60 Test 2 Formulation Component Mass (mg) Weight % Fumarate Ester 200.0 34.2 Capmul ® MCM 279.0 47.8 Povidone K30 17.5 3.0 Polyoxyl 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil 58.4 10.0 Lactic Acid 29.2 5.0 TOTAL 584.3 100%

TABLE 61 Test 3 Formulation Component Mass (mg) Weight % Fumarate Ester 214.0 34.2 Capmul ® MCM 298.5 47.8 Povidone K30 18.8 3.0 Polyoxyl 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil 62.5 10.0 Lactic Acid 31.2 5.0 TOTAL 625.0 100%

TABLE 62 Test 4 Formulation Component Mass (mg) Weight % Fumarate Ester 214.0 34.2 Soybean oil 411.0 65.8 TOTAL 625.0 100%

TABLE 63 Test 5 Formulation Component Mass (mg) Weight % Fumarate Ester 200.0 34.2 Soybean oil 384.0 65.8 TOTAL 584.0 100%

TABLE 64 Test 6 Formulation Component Mass (mg) Weight % Fumarate Ester 214.0 34.2 Soybean oil 411.0 65.8 TOTAL 625.0 100%

TABLE 65 EnteriCare ® Enteric soft capsule shell composition Component Mass (g) Weight % Gelatin, 150 Bloom 116.6 27.3 Methacrylic Acid Copolymer Type A 44.6 10.5 Ammonium Hydroxide 6.9 1.6 Glycerin 72.2 16.9 Triethyl Citrate 5.0 1.2 Purified water 180.2 42.2 Titanium Dioxide 0.867 0.20 FD&C Blue #1 0.213 0.05 TOTAL 426.6 100.0%

TABLE 66 Soft capsule shell composition Component Mass (g) Weight % Gelatin, 195 Bloom 172.4 52.2 Polysorb ® 85/70/00 (D-Sorbitol/sorbitans) 99.0 30.0 Purified water 58.0 17.6 Titanium Dioxide 0.8 0.24 FD&C Blue #1 0.2 0.06 TOTAL 330.4 100.0%

TABLE 67 Enteric Coating Composition (Acryl-EZE ®, Colorcon) Component Mass (g) Weight % Methacrylic acid, ethyl acrylate copolymer 1826 86.6 Talc Triethyl citrate Sodium bicarbonate Colloidal anhydrous silica Sodium lauryl sulfate Triethyl citrate* 233.8 11.4 Water^(†) 8236 399.8 TOTAL 2059.8 100.0% *Additional triethyl citrate added. ^(†)A majority of the water evaporates during the coating process.

TABLE 68 Moisture Barrier Top Coating Composition (Opadry ® amb II, Clear; Colorcon) Component Mass (g) Weight % Polyvinyl alcohol 600 10.0 Glyceryl mono-caprylate-caprate Sodium lauryl sulfate Talc Titanium Dioxide Water* 5400 90.0 TOTAL 6000 100.0% *A majority of the water evaporates during the coating process.

Example 32

A single-dose, randomized, open-label, 4-way crossover, pilot comparative bioavailability study of a delayed-release fumarate ester at a dose of 200 mg and 214 mg in capsules and TECFIDERA® 240 mg dimethyl fumarate (DMF) delayed-release capsules in healthy male and female volunteers under fasting conditions was performed. This pilot study assessed the tolerability, pharmacokinetics and comparative bioavailability of the fumarate ester in three test formulations and at two dose strengths (200 mg and 214 mg delayed-release capsules) and one reference drug, TECFIDERA® (dimethyl fumarate; Biogen) 240 mg delayed-release capsules, in healthy male and female volunteers under fasting conditions. A sample size of 24 subjects was selected for this study. The study population included healthy, non-smoking, male and non-pregnant female volunteers, 18 years of age or older, with a body mass index (BMI) within 18.5-29.9 kg/m², inclusive.

Six investigational formulations of a fumarate ester in delayed-release soft capsules were evaluated. Three of these formulations comprise mono- and di-glycerides (e.g., Capmul® MCM; Test Samples 1-3) and three comprise soybean oil (Test Samples 4-6). Two dose strengths, 200 mg (Tests 2 and 5) and 214 mg of fumarate ester (Tests 1, 3, 4 6), were manufactured using the mono- and di-glyceride and soybean oil-based formulations described herein in Example 31. Additionally, two different soft capsule shell formulations were evaluated on the higher (214 mg) test formulations as indicated by the labels EnteriCare® (enteric soft capsule; Tests 1, 2, 4, 5) and 195 bloom (195-Bloom gelatin soft capsule that is enterically coated; Tests 3 and 6). The relative bioavailability of the three mono- and di-glyceride-based formulations was assessed against the reference listed drug (RLD), TECFIDERA® (dimethyl fumarate; Biogen), delayed-release oral capsule, 240 mg, manufactured by Biogen, Inc. A companion study assessed the soybean oil-based formulations against TECFIDERA®. These studies were conducted to evaluate formulations and dose strengths that are bioequivalent to TECFIDERA® 240 mg, and to evaluate the tolerability, including the incidence of flushing and gastrointestinal side effects, of a fumarate ester when administered to healthy subjects.

TECFIDERA® (dimethyl fumarate) is indicated for the treatment of patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. See TECFIDERA® product label, incorporated by reference herein for such teachings.

The mechanism by which dimethyl fumarate (DMF) exerts its therapeutic effect in multiple sclerosis is unknown. DMF and its metabolite, monomethyl fumarate (MMF), activate the Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) pathway in vitro and in vivo in animals and humans. The Nrf2 pathway is involved in the cellular response to oxidative stress. MMF has been identified as a nicotinic acid receptor agonist in vitro.

After oral administration of TECFIDERA®, dimethyl fumarate undergoes rapid presystemic hydrolysis by esterases and is converted to its active metabolite, monomethyl fumarate (MMF). Dimethyl fumarate is not quantifiable in plasma following oral administration of TECFIDERA®. Pharmacokinetic analyses related to TECFIDERA® were performed by evaluating plasma MMF concentrations. Pharmacokinetic data were obtained in subjects with multiple sclerosis and healthy volunteers.

The median T_(max) of MMF is 2-2.5 hours. The peak plasma concentration (C_(max)) and overall exposure (AUC_(overall)) increased approximately dose proportionally in the dose range studied (120 mg to 360 mg). Following administration of TECFIDERA® 240 mg twice a day with food, the mean C_(max) of MMF was 1.87 mg/L and AUC_(overall) was 8.21 mg·hr/L in MS patients.

A high-fat, high-calorie meal did not affect the AUC of MMF but decreased its C_(max) by 40%; the T_(max) was delayed from 2.0 hours to 5.5 hours. The incidence of flushing was reduced by approximately 25% in the fed state.

The apparent volume of distribution of MMF varies between 53 and 73 L in healthy subjects. Human plasma protein binding of MMF is 27-45% and independent of concentration.

In humans, dimethyl fumarate is extensively metabolized by esterases, which are ubiquitous in the gastrointestinal tract, blood, and tissues, before DMF reaches the systemic circulation. Further metabolism of MMF occurs through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, with no involvement of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system. MMF, fumaric acid, citric acid, and glucose are the major metabolites detectable in plasma.

Exhalation of CO₂ is the primary route of elimination, accounting for approximately 60% of the TECFIDERA® DMF dose. Renal and fecal are minor elimination routes, accounting for 16% and 1% of the dose, respectively. Trace amounts of MMF were present in urine.

The terminal half-life of MMF is approximately 1 hour and no circulating MMF is present at 24 hours in the majority of individuals. Accumulation of MMF does not occur with multiple doses of TECFIDERA®.

This study was conducted in normal healthy male and non-pregnant female volunteers. This was a single-dose, randomized, open-label, 4-way crossover, four-period, four-sequence, four-treatment, single-center, comparative bioavailability study of three formulations of a fumarate ester at doses of 214 mg and 200 mg in delayed-release capsules and TECFIDERA® (dimethyl fumarate) 240 mg delayed-release capsules (Biogen, Inc.). The formulations were studied using a crossover design with 24 healthy, non-smoking male and non-pregnant female volunteers being administered an oral dose of 1×214 mg, 1×200 mg, or 1×240 mg delayed-release capsule under fasting conditions. There was at least a 2-day washout period between the study periods. The washout period of at least 2 days was estimated to be adequate in avoiding carry-over effects of the preceding treatments.

Blood samples were obtained by direct venipuncture in the arm and collected in pre-chilled sodium fluoride/potasium oxalate 6 mL Vacutainers®. Blood sample collection times were recorded on the appropriate source documents and reported for each subject. Blood samples were collected at pre-dose (0 hour), and at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 8, 12 and 24-hours post-dose in each study period.

Subjects were confined to the clinic from at least 10-hours prior to dosing until at least 24-hours post-dose in Period 4, for a total of at least 178 hours (approximately 8 days) in the study.

The assignment of treatment groups (randomization scheme) was generated by a computer program designed and run in SAS® Version 9.4. This was an open-label study and subjects as well as clinic staff were not blinded to the randomization. The analytical laboratory did not have access to the randomization scheme until the bioanalytical analyses were completed.

Subjects who meet the eligibility criteria were randomly assigned to receive the study drugs according to one of the four dosing sequences:

Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 Sequence 1 T1 T2 T3 R Sequence 2 T2 T3 R T1 Sequence 3 T3 R T1 T2 Sequence 4 R T1 T2 T3

Each subject was scheduled to have received a total of four treatments by the end of the study.

The treatment labeling scheme was as follows:

Treatment Code T1 (Test) T2 (Test) T3 (Test) R (Reference) Drug Name: Fumarate Ester Fumarate Ester Fumarate Ester TECFIDERA ® (dimethyl fumarate) Strength: 214 mg 200 mg 214 mg 240 mg Dosage Form: EnteriCare ® DR EnteriCare ® DR 195 Bloom DR Delayed-release Soft Capsules Soft Capsules Soft Capsules Capsules Manufacturer BLS BLS BLS Biogen Dose: 1 × 214 mg 1 × 200 mg 1 × 214 mg 1 × 240 mg Fill Capmul, Capmul, Capmul, Table 59 Table 60 Table 61 Treatment Code T4 (Test) T5 (Test) T6 (Test) R (Reference) Drug Name: Fumarate Ester Fumarate Ester Fumarate Ester TECFIDERA ® (dimethyl fumarate) Strength: 214 mg 200 mg 214 mg 240 mg Dosage Form: EnteriCare ® DR EnteriCare ® DR 195 Bloom DR Delayed-release Soft Capsules Soft Capsules Soft Capsules Capsules Manufacturer BLS BLS BLS Biogen Dose: 1 × 214 mg 1 × 200 mg 1 × 214 mg 1 × 240 mg Fill Soybean oil, Soybean oil, Soybean oil, Table 62 Table 63 Table 64

Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using non-compartmental analysis (NCA) method using SAS® Version 9.4. The following pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated (where possible) for monomethyl fumarate and included in the pharmacokinetic and statistical analysis for the subjects in the final data set:

-   -   C_(max): The maximal observed plasma concentration.     -   T_(max): Time when the maximal plasma concentration is observed.     -   AUC_(0→τ): Area under the concentration-time curve from time         zero until the last measurable concentration or last sampling         time τ, whichever occurs first. AUC_(0→τ) is estimated using the         trapezoidal method.     -   AUC_(0→∞): Area under the concentration-time curve from time         zero to infinity, calculated as AUC_(0→τ)+C_(last)/λ, where         C_(last) is the last measurable concentration.     -   λ: Terminal elimination rate constant, estimated by linear         regression analysis of the terminal portion of the natural log         of concentration (ln-concentration) vs. time plot.     -   t_(1/2): Terminal elimination half-life, estimated as ln(2)/λ.

During pharmacokinetic and statistical analyses, drug concentrations below the lower limit of quantitation of the assay were considered as zero prior to the first measurable concentration. Drug concentrations that were below the limit of quantitation following a measurable result were considered as missing during pharmacokinetic calculations and estimations.

Missed samples and non-reportable concentrations (e.g. quantity not sufficient) from the analytical laboratory were treated in the pharmacokinetic analysis as if they had not been scheduled for collection.

The λ, t_(1/2), and AUC_(0→∞) parameters were not estimated for plasma concentration-time profiles where the terminal linear phase was not clearly defined (R<0.8).

Descriptive statistics (min., max., median, mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variability) of all pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for monomethyl fumarate for the Test and Reference products.

ANOVA including sequence, subjects nested within sequence, period and treatment were performed on the ln-transformed data for AUC_(0→τ), AUC_(0→∞), and C_(max) and on the untransformed data for T_(max), κ, and t_(1/2). T_(max) was analyzed using an additional non-parametric test (Wilcoxon test).

The 90% Confidence Interval of the Test/Reference ratios of geometric means for AUC_(0→τ), AUC_(0→∞), and C_(max) was calculated based on the LSMEANS and ESTIMATE of the ANOVA. Additional statistical and alternate tests were performed as necessary.

The number and percentage of subjects with adverse events was tabulated by body system and preferred term with a breakdown by treatment. A subject with multiple adverse events within a body system was only counted once towards the total of this body system. Adverse events were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Similarly, multiple reports of the same preferred term adverse events were counted only once at the highest intensity and greatest attribution to study treatment. Additional statistical and alternate tests were performed as necessary.

Example 33

Comparative Bioavailability Pilot Study Results

Mean plasma monomethyl fumarate concentrations from the bioavailability study described in Example 32 are shown for Test samples 1-3 in Table 69 and Test samples 4-9 in Table 70. The mean plasma monomethyl fumarate concentration data are plotted in FIGS. 24 and 25, respectively. The reference drug (Ref) in both studies is for TECFIDERA® (dimethyl fumarate) 240 mg delayed-release capsules (Biogen, Inc.).

TABLE 69 Mean Plasma Monomethyl Fumarate Concentration as a Function of Time after Dosing Samples T1-T3 and Reference Drug Sample: T1 T2 T3 Ref Time Conc. Std Conc. Std Conc. Std Conc. Std (h) (ng/mL) Dev. (ng/mL) Dev. (ng/mL) Dev. (ng/mL) Dev. Pre- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 dos- ing 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 138.3 36.4 1.0 415.3 138.1 7.1 21.5 0.0 0.0 2611.3 716.3 1.5 389.8 117.1 44.5 77.5 453.9 99.7 2421.5 638.9 2.0 191.4 53.6 66.1 114.2 3467.1 732.6 2625.7 827.1 2.5 1386.6 302.3 153.0 239.2 3339.1 830.8 2484.6 787.7 3.0 2196.7 463.6 197.1 204.1 4062.5 977.3 2487.7 705.2 3.5 2124.5 518.7 240.4 218.5 3142.7 903.1 2279.7 617.4 4.0 1988.8 532.8 450.5 453.0 2548.8 781.8 1686.9 466.4 4.5 2099.3 527.3 635.5 510.2 2583.9 806.4 3169.3 702.5 5.0 2879.4 727.4 909.5 488.7 3747.9 866.7 1933.2 543.2 5.5 2204.0 468.8 698.8 288.3 2092.5 489.6 1718.4 440.2 6.0 1024.6 251.2 487.4 268.2 1600.8 484.2 655.9 167.3 8.0 697.6 182.6 119.9 161.4 218.6 66.7 216.0 50.9 12.0  79.8 16.3 4.3 15.7 0.0 0.0 59.6 15.3 24.0  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

TABLE 70 Mean Plasma Monomethyl Fumarate Concentration as a Function of Time after Dosing Samples T4-T6 and Reference Drug Sample: T4 T5 T6 Ref Conc. Conc. Conc. Conc. (ng/ Std (ng/ Std (ng/ Std (ng/ Std Time mL) Dev. mL) Dev. mL) Dev. mL) Dev. Pre-dosing 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 225.6 946.3 1.2 5.6 64.0 194.0 3.6 12.2 1.0 218.5 653.3 13.5 38.7 158.4 300.2 295.3 850.7 1.5 189.3 438.7 54.0 88.1 408.9 629.2 371.3 561.9 2.0 406.1 597.1 250.8 363.5 860.2 1022.3 720.1 762.4 2.5 489.4 469.2 458.6 730.1 848.3 777.0 931.3 879.1 3.0 748.2 952.7 603.0 710.9 885.2 751.7 1106.7 897.1 3.5 693.5 660.2 832.2 648.6 905.4 669.8 818.9 747.2 4.0 793.5 523.0 817.4 475.4 834.4 733.1 613.5 553.5 4.5 774.9 552.3 756.9 412.5 685.7 627.1 495.7 424.8 5.0 864.3 739.8 790.4 671.6 533.5 521.5 678.2 921.3 5.5 491.7 475.2 491.9 395.6 295.5 336.3 350.0 459.7 6.0 274.6 299.5 300.0 252.0 155.6 189.0 165.4 193.1 8.0 18.9 50.7 44.3 95.9 6.4 17.6 5.5 12.6 12.0  1.5 7.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 6.8 24.0  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Summary pharmacokinetic parameters from the bioavailability study described in Example 32 are shown for Test samples 1-3 in Table 71 and Test samples 4-9 in Table 72.

TABLE 71 Summary of Comparative Bioavailability Analysis for Plasma Monomethyl Fumarate Randomized, 4-way crossover, open-label, single-dose, fasting design Geometric Mean *Arithmetic Mean (% CV) AUC_(0→τ) AUC_(0→∞) C_(max) AUC_(0→τ)/ Sample (h · ng/mL) (h · ng/mL) (ng/mL) T_(max) (h)* t_(1/2) (h)* λ_(z) (1/h)* AUC_(0→∞) ^(†) Reference 3246.34 3423.77 1784.08 3.00 0.55 1.3022 0.9791 3397.47 3541.61 1874.93 (1.00-5.50) (20.99) (18.08) (1.76) (31.42) (31.08) (30.04) Test 1 2454.38 3078.63 1206.93 5.00 0.85 1.1127 0.9621 2631.29 3543.47 1367.63  (2.5-6.00) (95.08) (35.48) (4.66) (39.85) (25.13) (49.77) Test 2 2209.18 2631.23 1110.01 5.00 0.93 0.9467 0.9377 2344.10 2665.26 1176.70 (2.52-6.00) (55.03) (45.76) (6.24) (32.68) (26.01) (34.38) Test 3 3318.08 3522.37 2004.25 4.00 0.51 1.4526 0.9734 3495.45 3722.36 2140.42 (2.00-6.00) (30.61) (20.63) (2.23) (29.89) (25.65) (37.54) Ratio of Geometric 90% Confidence Intra-subject CV Means (T:R) Interval (%) Test 1 AUC_(0→τ) 75.60 67.42-84.79 23.48 AUC_(0→∞) 89.92  77.35-104.53 22.51 C_(max) 67.65 57.59-79.47 33.44 Test 2 AUC_(0→τ) 68.05 60.68-76.32 23.48 AUC_(0→∞) 76.85 66.17-89.27 22.51 C_(max) 62.22 52.96-73.09 33.44 Test 3 AUC_(0→τ) 102.21  91.14-114.62 23.48 AUC_(0→∞) 102.88  90.29-117.23 22.51 C_(max) 112.3  95.63-131.98 33.44 Reference: TECFIDERA ® (Biogen Idec), 240 mg dimethyl fumarate, enterically coated pellets Test 1: BLS 214 mg fumarate ester, Capmul fill, EnteriCare ® DR Soft Capsules; see Table 59 Test 2, BLS 200 mg fumarate ester Capmul fill, EnteriCare ® DR Soft Capsules; see Table 60 Test 3, BLS 214 mg fumarate ester, Capmul fill, 195 Bloom DR Soft Capsules; see Table 61 *Arithmetic mean (% CV) only †Median and range only

TABLE 72 Summary of Comparative Bioavailability Analysis for Plasma Monomethyl Fumarate Randomized, 4-way crossover, open-label, single-dose, fasting design Geometric Mean *Arithmetic Mean (% CV) AUC_(0→τ) AUC_(0→∞) C_(max) AUC_(0→τ)/ Sample (h · ng/mL) (h · ng/mL) (ng/mL) T_(max) (h)* t_(1/2) (h)* λ_(z) (1/h)* AUC_(0→∞) ^(†) Reference 3175.12 3295.42 1975.68 2.85 0.57 1.2587 0.9842 3306.55 3484.62 2111.34 (1.02-5.50) (16.97) (17.94) (1.24) (30.72) (29.31) (34.87) Test 4 3103.71 3258.09 1657.53 4.00 0.50 1.4256 0.9835 3234.00 3478.19 1848.96 (0.52-6.00) (22.51) (17.02) (1.27) (30.78) (29.19) (53.77) Test 5 2722.58 2985.13 1322.51 4.00 0.53 1.3702 0.9830 2878.77 3206.76 1472.19 (2.00-5.50) (20.60) (20.61) (1.06) (35.92) (32.27) (47.44) Test 6 3193.72 3362.08 1774.03 3.00 0.60 1.3789 0.9759 3370.97 3505.64 1865.66 (1.00-5.08) (79.70) (25.04) (2.53) (30.39) (28.99) (33.32) Ratio of Geometric 90% Confidence Intra-subject CV Means (T:R) Interval (%) Test 4 AUC_(0→τ) 97.75 91.08-104.91 14.37 AUC_(0→∞) 98.87 92.44-105.74 12.09 C_(max) 83.90 70.26-100.19 37.05 Test 5 AUC_(0→τ) 85.75 79.89-92.03  14.37 AUC_(0→∞) 90.58 84.61-96.98  12.09 C_(max) 66.94 56.06-79.94  37.05 Test 6 AUC_(0→τ) 100.59 93.62-108.07 14.37 AUC_(0→∞) 102.02 95.65-108.82 12.09 C_(max) 89.79 74.99-107.51 37.05 Reference: TECFIDERA ® (Biogen Idec), 240 mg dimethyl fumarate, enterically coated pellets Test 4: BLS 214 mg fumarate ester, soybean oil, EnteriCare ® DR Soft Capsules; see Table 62 Test 5: BLS 200 mg fumarate ester, soybean oil, EnteriCare ® DR Soft Capsules; see Table 63 Test 6: BLS 214 mg fumarate ester, soybean oil, 195 Bloom DR Soft Capsules; see Table 64 *Arithmetic mean (% CV) only †Median and range only

Example 34

Six formulations of soft capsules comprising particles of a fumarate ester having particle size distributions of PSD: d90≤100 μm were manufactured. The dosage forms comprised six doses of fumarate ester, all with the same fill composition and the same soft gelatin shell. The doses were either 90 mg, 95 mg, 100 mg, 115 mg, 200 mg, or 220 mg fumarate ester and comprised 34% fumarate ester, 48% of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides (e.g., Capmul® MCM), 3% polyvinylpyrrolidone, 10% polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and 5% lactic acid. Tables 71-72. The matrix fill was encapsulated in soft gelatin capsules comprising 195 Bloom gelatin using rotary die encapsulation. See Table 66. The 90 mg, 95 mg, 100 mg, and 115 mg dosage forms were 5 oval capsules and the 200 mg and 220 mg dosage forms were 12 oval capsules. After manufacturing and drying, the capsules were coated with a hydroxypropylmethylcellulose undercoat and dried. The capsules were then coated with an enteric coating containing methacrylic acid, ethyl acrylate copolymer (e.g., EUIDRAGIT® L100-55, Evonik; Acryl-EZE®, Colorcon). Table 67. A polyvinyl alcohol moisture barrier top-coating was applied to the enterically coated capsules (e.g., Opadry® amb II, Clear, Colorcon). Table 68.

TABLE 71 Test Formulations 90 mg Dose 95 mg Dose 100 mg Dose Component mg Weight % mg Weight % mg Weight % Fumarate Ester 90 34.2% 95 34.2% 100 34.2% Capmul MCM 125.7 47.8% 132.5 47.8% 139.5 47.8% Povidone K30 7.9  3.0% 8.3  3.0% 8.8  3.0% Polyoxyl 40 Hydrogenated 26.3 10.0% 27.7 10.0% 29.2 10.0% Castor Oil Lactic Acid 13.1  5.0% 13.9  5.0% 14.6  5.0% TOTAL 263 100.0%  277.4 100.0%  292.1 100.0%  Vehicle 173   66% 182.4   66% 192.1   66% Lipid 159.9   61% 168.5   61% 177.5   61% API 90   34% 95   34% 100   34% Ratio API:Lipid 1.78 1.78 1.77 1.77 1.78 1.78 Ratio API:Vehicle 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92 mmol Fumarate Ester 0.62-0.69 0.66-0.73 0.69-0.77

TABLE 72 Test Formulations 115 mg Dose 200 mg Dose 220 mg Dose Component mg Weight % mg Weight % mg Weight % Fumarate Ester 115 34.2% 200 34.2% 220 34.2% Capmul MCM 160.7 47.8% 278.9 47.8% 307.5 47.8% Povidone K30 10  3.0% 17.5  3.0% 19.1  3.0% Polyoxyl 40 Hydrogenated 33.5 10.0% 58.4 10.0% 64.5 10.0% Castor Oil Lactic Acid 16.8  5.0% 29.2  5.0% 32.1  5.0% TOTAL 336 100.0%  584 100.0%  643.2 100.0%  Vehicle 221   66% 384   66% 423.2   66% Lipid 204.2   61% 354.8   61% 391.1   61% API 115   34% 200   34% 220   34% Ratio API:Lipid 1.78 1.78 1.77 1.77 1.78 1.78 Ratio API:Vehicle 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92 mmol Fumarate Ester 0.80-0.88 1.39-1.54 1.53-1.69 

What is claimed is:
 1. An oral pharmaceutical composition comprising an immediate releasing single phase non-aqueous liquid vehicle and a fumarate ester or a salt thereof having the formula:

wherein R₁ and R₂, may be the same or different, and independently represent hydrogen or a linear, branched, or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated C₁₋₂₀ alkyl radical, which may be optionally substituted with halogen, hydroxy, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, nitro, or cyano.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein R₁ is C₁₋₄ alkyl.
 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein R₁ is methyl.
 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein R₂ is C₁₋₄ alkyl.
 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein R₂ is methyl.
 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein R₂ is hydrogen.
 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein R₁ is C₁₋₄ alkyl and R₂ is C₁₋₄ alkyl.
 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein R₁ is methyl and R₂ is methyl.
 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein R₁ is a C₁₋₄ alkyl and R₂ is hydrogen.
 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein R₁ is methyl and R₂ is hydrogen.
 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fumarate ester is:


12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fumarate ester is:

wherein R is any C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, or a salt thereof.
 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fumarate ester is:

or a salt thereof.
 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises about 80 mg to about 230 mg of the fumarate ester or salt thereof.
 15. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises about 80 mg to about 115 mg or about 160 mg to about 230 mg of the fumarate ester or salt thereof.
 16. The composition of claim 1, wherein the liquid vehicle comprises mono- and di-glycerides, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil.
 17. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises: about 30% to about 40% by weight of the fumarate ester or salt thereof; and about 55% to about 65% by weight of the liquid vehicle.
 18. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises about 5% by weight of lactic acid.
 19. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is encapsulated in a capsule.
 20. The composition of claim 19, wherein the capsule provides delayed release of the fumarate ester or salt thereof.
 21. The composition of claim 1, wherein upon administration to a subject, the composition activates a nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like (Nrf2) dependent pathway. 